教

从出生到12年的汽车发展中的普遍概念

如课程中所述，物理发展是涉及身体的变化，增长和技能的发展领域。这包括大脑，肌肉和感官。通常在精细电机和总电机开发方面描述了物理发展。

然而，每个孩子都在他或她自己的步伐中发展，就像认知和社会发展一样，运动技能以可预测的方式发展。这些被称为里程碑。物理开发和运动也以可预测的模式进展。例如，孩子们在运行之前走路（桑德斯，2002）。下面的数字显示了孩子们分别获得了运动技能和精细机动技能的典型顺序。

这U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed resources you can use to share information about typical developmental milestones. According to the CDC, you can expect milestones to occur at roughly predictable times. The Apply section has a document you can use that lists developmental milestones from birth through school age.

影响增长的因素

Every child is unique in their pattern of growth and development. Growth and development is influenced by a variety of factors. Environmental characteristics and experiences can influence development in a positive or negative way. Some of the factors that can have a negative influence on development include:

• 营养不良
• Lack of access to active spaces or experiences
• 失能
• 医疗问题，疾病或药物

In some cases, culture can also influence a child’s growth. For example, in some cultures infants are not placed on the floor because floors are not considered safe spaces for infants. This may affect the amount of time an infant spends stretching, reaching, rolling and crawling. In other cultures, physical activity may be influenced by gender roles. For example, school-age girls may be discouraged from participating in active sports or rough play.

Supporting All Learners: Understanding Individual Differences

您的计划有责任为所有儿童提供服务。这包括有和没有确定特殊需求的儿童。物理发展有很多个性的变化。有些孩子似乎是出生的运动员。其他孩子以较慢的节奏发展他们的身体。对于具有鉴定残疾的儿童，这也是如此。有助于工作人员了解每个孩子的能力是重要的，无论诊断如何。还必须记住，每个残疾的孩子都不同。有些孩子可能有身体残疾，并且通常在其他域中发展。两个具有相同鉴定残疾的儿童可能具有截然不同的需求。 Consider these examples:

• Jessica和Michael都使用轮椅进行移动。Michael通常在认知和社交领域开发。他从他的同龄人开始篮球比赛，并在椅子上迅速上下移动。杰西卡正在学习在她的轮yabo电子游艺椅上推动自己。她很容易累，更喜欢被推动。
• Spencer and Amy both have Down Syndrome. Spencer has global developmental delays, and his fine- and gross-motor skills are affected. At 1 year old, he does not crawl or move independently. Amy, also 1 year old, has been walking since she was 10 months old and climbs every piece of furniture she can find.
• 奥斯汀和贾姆尔都对自闭症谱进行了诊断。奥斯汀是一名10岁的患者综合征。他有延迟社交技能，但他擅长精细和毛的技能。他喜欢跑步，往往会在操场上跑步而不是与同龄人一起玩耍。贾马尔被诊断出患有自闭症，并以精细且粗略的技能斗争。他更喜欢静静地坐着并分开物体。

While these are only three examples, they begin to represent the range of experiences you might see in your program. Familiarize yourself with your program’s or service’s policy on inclusion and help staff understand their responsibilities to get to know the whole child. If children in your program use any type of supportive devices, ensure that staff members are trained on how to use these devices appropriately.

Model

帮助员工了解发展

虚拟实验yabo11vip室学校模块是开始帮助员工了解物理发展的好地方。每个工作人员都将阅读有关物理课程的物理发展的相关年龄组信息。使用申请部分中的表格来帮助工作人员记住并使用他们对工作场所的儿童发展知识。您还可以使用探索部分中的活动来帮助员工总结他们在自己的课程中学到的内容，并进一步迈出。

In the next lesson, you will learn more about helping staff use strategies that promote development. For now, consider the different ways you can collaborate with others in your community to promote knowledge of physical development. Consider working with a local nurse, pediatrician, physical therapist, occupational therapist, physical education teacher, or adapted physical education teacher to offer trainings or workshops.

Helping Staff Become Aware of Physical Development Alerts

Share the CDC developmental milestones guidelines with staff members and families. These reader-friendly pieces can help staff members feel comfortable and knowledgeable about development. Many of the guides, particularly those for children up to 5 years old, contain advice about when families should talk to a pediatrician about their child’s development. The guides can help empower families and prevent unnecessary worry about a child’s development. These guides can help adults become aware of potential problems and to act early. Refer to the guides yourself when questions arise about development and make sure staff members know what to do when a concern arises about a child’s development. They should always talk to you first. You can provide resources and perspectives on long-term development. You can also help make connections with other professionals who can help.

帮助员工支持All学ers

要创建一个更包容的环境并支持所有学习者，您必须先模范包容性态度。您的设施符合美国残疾人法案，所以在最低的儿童和家庭，具有各种身体需求的家庭可以访问您的建筑物。但是，您必须超越访问权限。确保所有儿童和家庭都感到欢迎和涉及。考虑在您的计划中提供的经验，并帮助员工头脑风暴可能的修改和适应。这Kids Included Together程序可以是思想的宝贵资源。对于幼儿，你也可以考虑Building BlocksandCARA’s Kit. These resources from the Council for Exceptional Children Division for Early Childhood provide practical ways to help children succeed in their environments. When a child with identified special needs enters your program, work with thePUBLIC计划管理员和/或残疾专家to make sure you and the staff members know how to support the child’s physical development. You can be a resource for brainstorming and for providing materials. Consider these quick and easy adaptations:

观察

工作人员会员了解物理发展的了解情况是什么？

Clearly, observation is an important part of promoting physical development. You must ensure that staff members know typical developmental milestones, use appropriate curricula and programming, and watch children in action. Let’s consider a few examples.