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The Importance of Healthy Environments

你有没有去过一家餐馆，坐在粘滞的桌子上或发现你的叉子干食物？你曾经犹豫过在银行或杂货店拿起一支笔，因为你面前的人感冒了吗？你有没有把公共厕所座椅放在一起，只是为了避免触摸它？你有没有留在酒店房间，让你想要避免触摸棉被或遥控器？

Most people have experienced some of these uncomfortable and stressful health-related situations. As adults, we can respond to such situations by visiting a different restaurant or hotel, or by washing our hands as soon as we leave the bank or restroom stall. We want to stay healthy and we want to believe that our environments are reasonably clean. Children and their families have these same desires. Child development programs must provide environments that are clean and that prevent the spread of communicable diseases. It is your responsibility to make sure children have a safe and healthy environment for play and learning.

细菌

细菌是传染病的原因。不幸的是，肉眼不能看到细菌，甚至知道它甚至都知道它们通常会传播。由于：

• Direct contact：从另一个人的感染（例如，唾液，鼻粘液），通过环境物品，如玩具，内阁手柄，设备或人员传播的流体。它只需要一小滴流体以发生传输。
• Respiratory：当某人打喷嚏或咳嗽时，通过嘴巴和鼻子传播。
• 血液感染：血液蔓延，有时其他身体液体有可能含有血液，进入另一个人的血流。
• 粪便 - 口头传输: Spread to a person's mouth (oral) via hands soiled with feces that touch food, surfaces or objects. Germs from feces are invisible. Hands and surfaces may appear clean, though feces germs can still be present. Disease from fecal-oral transmission can make adults and children very ill.

显然无法完全消除the transmission of germs, especially with all the play and material sharing that happens in school-age programs, but there are ways to decrease the transmission of germs among youth, staff and families. In addition to following your program's health related policies, it is essential that you adhere to your program's cleaning and sanitation requirements and follow proper hand washing procedures (see Lesson Two for more on hand washing).

清洁, Sanitizing, and Disinfecting: What's the Difference?

Although we often use the words cleaning, sanitizing and disinfecting interchangeably, they each have their own meaning. To provide a safe and healthy environment for children, you need to understand the difference between each term (American Academy of Pediatrics, American Public Health Association, National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education, 2011). This will help you know which products are designed for each purpose.

1. 清洁means to remove dirt or debris from a surface and sometimes involves scrubbing or friction in order to remove the debris. For example, you spray a table with a mix of water and detergent to remove food products and debris after a meal.
2. 消毒means to reduce germs on a surface. When you sanitize a surface, it meets most health regulations. Sanitizing products usually are not effective unless the surface has been cleaned first. After cleaning the table with detergent and water, you spray an approved mix of water and bleach to sanitize the table and kill germs.
3. Disinfectingmeans to destroy most germs on a surface. Disinfecting a surface is often necessary when it has made contact with body fluids. Disinfecting usually requires a stronger bleach-water mixture. Sinks, toilets, and countertops should be disinfected.

Keep in mind that school-age children or youth should not be near surfaces, materials, and toys (including meal and snack tables and restroom areas) while the surfaces or items are being sanitized or disinfected. Inhalation of chemicals as they are being applied can be dangerous. All chemicals should be locked and out of reach of children.

您用于清洁，消毒或消毒的任何产品应由环境保护署（EPA）批准，以确保他们为您使用的安全。当您清洁，消毒或消毒时，您应该遵循批准的程序。通常，这意味着用手用肥皂或洗涤剂和水，消毒或消毒洗涤材料或表面，并允许物体干燥。如果它具有Sanitize设置或高温选项，您还可以使用洗碗机来消毒玩具或材料。学龄儿童可以帮助用肥皂和水混合物清洁表面，但工作人员应该负责消毒或消毒。

美国健康和人类服务部（DHHS）和疾病控制中心（CDC）建议，如果EPA批准的消毒剂不可用，那么您应该使用新鲜的氯漂白溶液。DHHS和CDC提供以下准备和使用解决方案的指导方针：

• Add 1 tablespoon of bleach to 1 quart (4 cups) of water. For a larger supply of disinfectant, add ¼ cup of bleach to 1 gallon (16 cups) of water.
• 用布将溶液涂抹在表面上。
• 让它站在3到5分钟。
• 用清水冲洗表面。

See

What do clean and healthy environments look like for school-age children? In these environments, cleanliness is a habit. Spray bottles are available for cleaning and sanitizing; soap mixtures and bleach mixtures are changed daily. Watch the video below to see ways school-age staff members maintain a clean and healthy environment.

保持健康的教室

Standard and Universal Precautions

Another way to reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms (germs) that can cause infection is to practice standard or universal precautions. Standard precautions cover all situations where you may come into contact with body fluids, but universal precautions applies specifically to contact with blood, and does not apply to contact with feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, saliva, or vomit unless these body fluids also contain blood. In child care settings, standard precautions involves using barriers to prevent contact with body fluids from another person, as well as cleaning and sanitizing contaminated surfaces. You can read more about standard precautions in the标准和通用预防措施适用于儿童保育设施attached below.

您可能用来帮助防止身体流体接触的障碍可能包括：

• 一次性毛巾
• Gloves
• Plastic bags, securely sealed

当可能涉及含有血液的血液或体液时，应始终使用一次性无孔手套。

Gloves are optional for contact with other bodily fluids described above, but check with your coach, trainer, or supervisor for times your program or Service guidelines recommend using gloves.

Whenever gloves are worn, you should practice good hand hygiene. See课二有关适用手套程序的信息，请参阅手动和下面的应用部分附件。

做

Your role is critical in ensuring your program is a clean and healthy environment where children learn and thrive. This section describes what you can do to keep your program environment healthy and the Apply section provides a more detailed schedule to help support healthy practices.

保持您的计划健康

Toys and Classroom Materials

许多孩子每天都可以使用一个玩具。玩具可以成为细菌的家园，特别是如果孩子咳嗽或打喷嚏，在擦拭鼻子后处理它们，或在厕所后触摸它们。定期清洁和消毒您房间里的玩具非常重要。这是如何：

• 保持一个盒子或垃圾箱标记为“弄脏玩具”。当一个孩子或青少年咳嗽或打喷嚏时，请他们将玩具或材料放在垃圾箱里。据美国人科院介绍，您可以在垃圾箱中保留肥皂水，或者箱子可以是储存玩具的干燥点，直到您可以清洁它们。在将材料返回到学习环境之前，请确保清洁和消毒。yabo电子游艺
• 清洁activity spaces, dress-up clothes, and machine-washable cloth toys at least weekly.
• 清洁hats daily.
• You can put plastic toys in the dishwasher to clean and sanitize them.

教室表面

Many surfaces in your program probably serve multiple purposes. Maybe you serve snacks on a table that is later used for board games, or children use the same sink to wash their hands after using the restroom or after art. Cleaning, sanitizing, and disinfecting surfaces on a schedule can help you keep a healthy environment. Here are guidelines for surfaces in your room:

• 每次你后干净和清洁电脑键盘se.
• 清洁and disinfect door knobs and handles daily.
• 清洁and sanitize food-preparation surfaces before and after each use.
• 清洁and sanitize dishes after each use.
• 在每次使用之前和之后清洁和消毒食品桌子和托盘。
• 清洁countertops after each use and sanitize daily.
• 清洁the refrigerator monthly if you have one in your classroom.
• 清洁the floors daily.
• 每天清洁和消毒饮水机。
• 每天清洁手机接收器。
• 每天真空地毯。

Toileting Areas

洗手间是细菌和细菌最有可能传播的位置。保持厕所区清洁非常重要。这些指南将帮助您限制污染：

• 清洁and disinfect sinks and faucets daily. If the sink is also used for non-toileting routines, disinfect it after toileting use.
• 每天清洁和消毒台面。
• 清洁and disinfect floors daily.

外套，帽子和个人物品

虱子和皮肤感染可以通过储存和清洁的外套，夹克，帽子和个人物品来扩散。遵循这些建议维护健康环境：

• 将每个孩子的物品（特别是衣服，帽子和夹克可能与一个人的头部接触）分开，与其他孩子的物品分开。
• 在另一个孩子使用之前清理小型空间或储物柜空间。

此外，如果您在节目中使用毯子（例如，对于堡垒建筑物或您的阅读或图书馆空间中的舒适物品），请记住至少每月洗涤，或者每周接触孩子的皮肤。

If your program uses a pool, offers water play, or other experiences where children's clothes can get wet or even damp with sweat, remember to encourage children to hang them up to dry, and take them home to be laundered at least weekly. Mold and fungus can easily grow in damp, confined surfaces.

Completing this Course

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Healthy EnvironmentsCompetency Reflection以及在整个课程中提供的随附的学习，探索和应用资源和活动的列表，参观学龄龄健康环境课程指南.

Please note the References & Resources section at the end of each lesson outlines reference sources and resources to find additional information on the topics covered. As you complete lessons, you are not expected to review all the online references available. However, you are welcome to explore the resources further if you have interest, or at the request of your trainer, coach, or administrator.