学龄儿童通常遵循可预测的帕特terns in how they grow and learn. This lesson will help you understand typical cognitive development, or how school-age children develop thinking skills during early and later ages. You will learn about developmental milestones and what to do if you are concerned about a school-age child’s development.
辅助标签
- 识别学龄儿童中典型的认知发展里程碑。
- 讨论你担心学龄儿童的认知发展,该怎么办。
Learn
Know
想想你的计划中的学龄儿童。您可能已经注意到最年轻的五岁儿童和最古老的十二岁儿童之间的差异。随着学龄儿童从幼儿园到青少年前,他们的身体和思想都会发生非凡的变化。他们正在前往成年期,他们正在学习他们在家,社区和学校所需的技能。yabo电子游艺认知发展是您所看到的更改的主要部分,但这不是唯一的变化。重要的是要记住,在学龄阶段,体育发展和社会情绪发展也有助于认知发展。您将在物理课程中了解社交课程和体育发展中的社交情绪发展。本课程将突出校内年龄期间可以期待的认知发展里程碑。
里程碑
学龄儿童的思维技能在遇到新的人,地方和想法时越来越复杂。他们培养了从书籍,艺术,电影和经验的抽象方式学习的能力。您有令人兴奋的机会能够用正式教育,观看别人在成绩和学校之间移动时观察其他孩子的兴奋机会。作为一名学龄计划工作人员,您还有机会观察学龄儿童在学校时间以外学习的所有方式。下图突出了学龄龄阶段的认知发展。请记住,当涉及到孩子们遇到这些里程碑的特定年龄,每个孩子都是独一无二的,存在个别差异。正如您可能已经在其他课程中学到的那样,里程碑为何时期望出现某些技能或行为的何时提供指南。将里程碑视为帮助您理解和识别增长和发展的典型模式的指导方针,或帮助您了解作为学龄儿童成熟的何时何时寻找何时何地寻找。您可以使用此信息,您从家庭中学到的内容,以及您为学龄儿童创造的互动,经验和环境中的知识。
认知发展里程碑
中年童年(5-7岁)
- 他们开始看到其他学龄儿童的观点的东西,并开始了解他们的行为如何影响他人。
- 他们正在开发他们的口语技能,获取新的词汇和句子结构。
- 他们喜欢策划和建设。
- 他们了解空间,时间和维度的概念。他们了解昨天,今天和明天这样的概念。他们左右。
- 他们开始培养一种自信心和掌握学习的感觉。yabo电子游艺
- 他们正在学习阅读和yabo电子游艺写作,听起来很简单。
- 他们开始推理并争辩。
- They can perform simple addition and subtraction.
早期青春期(8-12岁)
- Most early adolescents are fully capable of perspective taking and understand and consider other's perspectives.
- They begin to think hypothetically, considering a number of possibilities, and are able to think logically.
- 他们变得更加目标。
- They may develop special interests that are a source of motivation.
- 认知发展可能受到学龄儿童情绪状态的影响。
- They begin to understand facets of the adult world like money and telling time.
- 他们可以喜欢读一本书。他们可以解释段落的背景并写出故事。
- 他们欣赏幽默和歌词游戏。
Cognitive development is a unique process and is specific to each school-age child. Sometimes school-age children may exhibit cognitive difficulties that can affect their learning and impact their behavior. These difficulties may be viewed as school-age children "going through a stage." School-age children experiencing difficulties may not receive proper interventions, supports, or care from caregivers and other adults. We might ignore some behaviors because we think that they are related to mood changes most middle and early adolescent school-age children experience. However, certain behaviors should not be overlooked. These include (Center for Disease and Control and Prevention, 2014):
- 过度抑郁症
- Antisocial behaviors, or the inability to relate to peers or fit into a peer group
- Acting out
- Difficulty staying engaged in an academic task
重要的是要识别对我们可能会烦扰的行为(例如,听取嘈杂的音乐,偶尔谈论一次,偶尔的喜怒无常的行为)和真正伤害的行为(例如,过度抑郁,反社会,有害风险的行为)。如果您担心学龄儿童的发展,那么这些感受不容忽视。
If you are concerned about a child's development, talk with your trainer, coach, or supervisor so that you can brainstorm and work together to talk with parents about your observations. This may be difficult, but it can make the difference in meeting a child's needs. With the guidance of your supervisor, trainer, or coach along with program management, you can share information with families about typical child development and let them know you are available to talk.
最终,如果家庭关注孩子的发展,他们应该与孩子的儿科医生讨论他们的关注。儿科医生可以执行发展筛查,并可能将孩子推荐给专家。家庭还应联系他们当地的学区。学区可以安排对孩子的发展的免费评估。这可以帮助孩子获得服务并帮助他或她需要。
看
就像孩子的身体通过学龄龄的成长一样,他们的大脑也在增长。您将看到儿童思想技能的重大变化在五岁和12岁之间的历史上。观看此视频,了解学龄儿童和青年的里程碑。
Do
学龄儿童的积极认知发展有时会被扰乱,他们可能无法达到预期的里程碑。这可能导致学习延迟。yabo电子游艺青年节目,例如以前,之后和暑期学校计划,可以在帮助学龄儿童发展和提升他们的思想中发挥关键作用。研究人员建议使用学龄儿童的个人优势可能会增加积极健康发展的可能性(Benson,2006)。这已被称为“发展资产”方法,您可以在本课程的应用部分中了解更多有关此方法的更多信息。以下是您可以支持学龄儿童发展的方式的列表。
- Provide thought-provoking materials and challenging games for school-age children to complete if or when they have some downtime.
- 为学龄儿童提供各种发育合适和文化多样化的书籍。
- 模型关怀,尊重,诚实和责任的价值观。
- 确保空间是文化敏感的,并且没有不同的性别,种族或种族的负面描绘。
- Ensure the space reflects the needs and interests of school-age children.
- 提供学龄儿童可以冷却或降低压力的空间。
- 允许学龄儿童设计或个性化部分空间。
- Implement activities where children and youth can use their strengths and abilities.
探索
Observing school-age children and youth can help you see where they are developmentally which is important as you plan learning experiences for them. View and complete the发展观察活动的阶段。与您的管理员分享,培训师或教练。
Apply
How might your program help support school-age children’s strengths, or developmental assets? Browse through the materials in the加强学龄儿童发展:资源表activity. Gather ideas and share them with your colleagues.
词汇表
Term | 描述 |
---|---|
绽放的分类法 | A classification system that organizes skills and abilities from low to high order thinking processes, to think about learning outcomes. |
认知能力 | 帮助儿童获取信息,解决问题,原因和得出结论的心理技能或行为。 |
发展里程碑 | A set of skills or behaviors that most children can do at a certain age range. |
Developmental delay | Developmental delays may be suspected when children do not meet developmental milestones at the expected times. Delays can occur in any area of development. |
Developmental screening | Developmental screening is a tool used to help identify children who are not developing as expected and who may need supports. Screening can be completed by pediatricians, teachers, or others who know both the child and child development well. |
发展资产 | 发展资产are personal strengths that school-age children possess that are linked to positive healthy development. |
证明
Benson,P. L.(2006)。All kids are our kids: What communities must do to raise caring and responsible children and adolescents(第2号)。旧金山:jossey-bass。
疾病控制和预防中心(2014年6月23日)。中年童年(6-8岁)。从...获得http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/middle.html.
疾病控制和预防中心(2014年6月23日)。Middle childhood (9-11 years of age). Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/middle2.html.
疾病控制和预防中心(2014年6月23日)。青少年(12-14岁)。从...获得http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/adolescence.html
Institute for Human Services for the Ohio Child Welfare Training Program (2007).发展里程碑图表。从...获得http://www.rsd.k12.pa.us/Downloads/Development_Chart_for_Booklet.pdf
Leffert,N.,Benson,P.,&Roehlkepartain,J.(1997)。开始右:儿童的发展资产。明尼阿波利斯,Mn:搜索研究所。