介绍

正如您在课程中学到的那样，体力活动支持所有开发领域，并在成为日常常规的一部分时导致持久的好处。随着使用久坐的玩具和材料，如视频游戏和电视，您的计划为儿童提供了安全和发育适当的空间，甚至更必要，以发展和改进他们的身体技能，特别是因为儿童和青年来了他们的计划中的大部分时间都在醒来。

One of your jobs as a manager is to ensure your program is offering children and youth the necessary type and amount of physical activity to support their developmental needs. This includes providing adequate and usable space for play, both inside and outside, and working with staff to ensure that opportunities for physical activity are incorporated throughout the day in routines, activities, and playtime. This lesson will focus on the developmental supports that all children need regardless of age or ability, as well as a snapshot of age-specific requirements. For a more detailed list of age-specific supports, review the direct care tracks for this course.

普遍支持

When it comes to supporting physical development, all children, regardless of age, need the following:

• At least an hour of physical activity every day; more is preferable.
• 住宿，包括材料和适应环境和活动，因此所有能力的儿童都可以参与身体活动。
• Ample space to play both indoors and out that is safe with access to developmentally appropriate materials.
• 各种计划的室内和户外活动linked to their developmental needs, goals, and interests, as well as opportunities for free play.

Daily Activity

身体活动不应该被视为白天的休息时间或额外的工作人员没有想到。支持儿童和青少年的总和和精细运动技能应以各种方式发生，每天都在您的计划中每天。孩子们通过实际和积极参与的实践经验学习最好的。保持自己的身体积极活动让孩子完全从事学习经历。yabo电子游艺国家体育和体育教育协会（NASPE）包括在其立场声明中的儿童身体活动的指导：“所有出生于5岁的儿童都应从事促进与健康有关的健康的运动，熟练和基础的体力活动。”

As a manager, you should ensure that classroom schedules balance planned activities with opportunities for children and youth to engage in free play. Checking classroom schedules and observing children and youth indoors and out are the best ways to verify that they are getting the amount of physical activity they need.

支持所有学习者

As you learned in Lesson Two, while the sequence of development is the same for all children, the rate at which it occurs can be influenced by a variety of factors. You should require staff members to observe children and youth on a regular basis and encourage them to use their knowledge of child development to bring forth any concerns they might have. While this is important for all ages, it is especially important for infants and toddlers. Delays in physical development in very young children may be predictive of concerns in other developmental areas. As always, staff should discuss any concerns with a supervisor prior to speaking with families or specialists. It’s important that staff understand your service’s process for making referrals so children can get the support they need as quickly as possible. Individualized Family Service Plans (ISFP) are one resource that can be utilized for children under 3-years-old.

For children who may not be following the typical rate of development or who have an identified special need, ensure staff do the following:

• 创造现实的期望。这并不意味着降低期望，意味着考虑每个孩子的能力，并根据儿童发展的地方调整期望。
• Align curriculum goals to support children in achieving what is possible for them developmentally.
• 适应所以孩子和青年经历成功。在环境中进行小的变化或添加自适应材料可以帮助孩子们感到成功，无论它们在发育的位置。

您护理中的一些儿童可能具有影响其运动发展的条件，包括身体和认知残疾，神经系统和感性障碍以及注意力缺陷/多动障碍。除了适应课程，课堂和日常活动之外，他们可能需要专门的服务，以确保他们完全访问他们的课堂和学校课程，活动，环境，课外活动和学校活动。快速制作推荐并利用所有可用资源，例如Kids Included Together (KIT),所以可以制定个性化的教育计划（IEP），儿童可以获得他们需要的帮助。有IEP的儿童有一个具体的计划，帮助他们满足他们的个人目标和目标。如果您的计划为具有发展障碍的儿童提供服务，重要的是，您和您的员工反映了当前做法并利用专家的建议，因此所有儿童无论能力如何，都可以达到最大潜力。

安全环境

您作为经理的首要任务是确保课程中的每个人都受到伤害。孩子们自然好奇，维护安全的学习环境将有助于防止在游戏和探索期间受伤。yabo电子游艺如安全课程所述，您的最佳方法是通过采取主动方法来减轻风险。主动手段：

• 利用安全检查表立即解决问题。
• Scheduling staff to ensure adequate supervision indoors and out.
• Ensuring that materials and equipment are developmentally appropriate for the children using them.
• 提供家庭和员工手册，详细介绍恶劣天气的服装要求。
• 维护完全储存的急救箱，并确保它们可用于在室内和外部使用。

Managers must guarantee that staff members understand that the safety of children and youth always comes first. Your expectations regarding safety should be made clear during their new-hire orientation, at staff meetings, and during performance reviews. Performance issues related to safety must be addressed immediately so no one is harmed. When it comes to keeping children and youth safe while supporting physical development, staff should:

• Scan the environment to make sure hazards are removed before children are allowed to play.
• Inspect toys and equipment to ensure they are in good condition.
• 随时在儿童和青少年的监督中保持警惕。
• 了解服务的天气有关的政策，以确保孩子们适当地穿着，他们可以获得大量的流体，并且每个人都知道在恶劣天气恶劣的情况下移动儿童的时间和地点。
• Bring all necessary items with them when they take children outdoors, including first-aid kits, attendance sheets, medications, and incident reports.

Development Promoting Experiences

When it comes to development, your staff can leave nothing to chance. While there has been an increased emphasis on how important it is to be intentional when it comes to supporting language development, the same is true when it comes to physical development. Staff must be readily available to support emerging skills and enrich learning experiences by engaging with children and youth during their play. Managers should make sure that staff members are intentional in their efforts to support physical development by providing resources and ideas for the planning of activities and the selection of materials for the children and youth.

课程周期

当您在认知课程中学到的时候，在理解儿童和青年的发展以及这种知识用于计划经验时，学yabo电子游艺习就会被推广。观察是课程规划的核心。花时间坐下来，看，听起来对重要的经验规划至关重要。利用儿童和青少年的利益最大限度地提高了影响。例如，当工作人员将球投掷到他的4岁儿童之一时，他观察到学生抛弃了。工作人员知道，4岁的孩子应该抛弃，所以他把它扔回了那样，所以学生也会试图，因为他试图创作一些新的学生的努力。

Confirm that staff members understand the relationship between observation, planning, and instruction. It takes time and support for staff to become skilled at implementing the curriculum cycle. Asking staff why they planned what they did, why they have those games out, or why the environment is set up the way it is will provide you with indications of what’s needed to support their professional growth. Questions like these can be addressed during performance conferences or when you are observing in classrooms.

Physical Development and the Indoor Environment

For children to understand that physical activity is a priority, there must be spaces designed for physical activity. This can be a challenge in small rooms or spaces that were originally designed for other purposes. However, with some creativity and flexibility, it is possible to create spaces that help children explore and master important physical skills.

We can think of environments on two levels: the center environment and the classroom environment. At the center level, you can work with staff to make sure there are safe indoor spaces dedicated to physical activity. Is there a gym in the school-age program? Is there a gross-motor room in the child-development center? If so, these are ideal spaces to provide opportunities for movement. Make sure the spaces are arranged in a way that children can move freely while still choosing from a variety of options. Consider working with teams to make sure spaces are designed into interesting movement stations: hula hoops in one area, bean bags and buckets in another area, an obstacle course in a third area. Make writing, drawing, and painting materials available in classroom interest areas and help teams be creative with their spaces and materials. For example, masking tape can create quick, simple, and removable “balance beams” on the floor.

在课堂级别，帮助人员了解为提供一些身体活动的重要性。这将在不同的年龄看起来不同：

• Infant rooms: areas covered with soft mats where children can climb and explore
• Toddler rooms: a set of ramps or stairs that children can climb
• Preschool rooms: an interest area that is aligned to a story book the class is reading (for example, after reading the nursery rhyme “Hey Diddle Diddle,” children go to an area of the room where they can practice “jumping over the moon”)
• School-age programs: an area with an MP3 player where children can play music and dance, or it might be a yoga area for children to stretch

Physical Development and the Outdoor Environment

Outdoor environments are natural settings for physical activity. In fact, a lot of us may be more likely to associate physical activity with being outdoors. The busy lifestyles of families can result in a lot of indoor time for many children. School-age children might spend the majority of their day in a school setting, only going outside for their designated 60 minutes a day. Promoting a love and respect for the outdoors will increase the chances of children learning to make physical activity a part of their lives. Encourage as much outdoor time as possible, plan activities that include their natural surroundings and bring the outside indoors to learn and discover.

Children are active learners and physical activity can be incorporated into learning activities. Children can form shapes with their bodies, count as they are hopping, explore nature through active scavenger hunts, listen to their increased heart rates after physical activities, move their bodies like their favorite animals, and explore cultures through dance. Be sure that there are spaces available to accommodate many different activities. A large, open space subdivided for a variety of stations can be very useful: this kind of space can be used flexibly from day to day. Key elements of an outdoor environment that facilitates physical development and learning include:

• Variety:确保有各种各样的表面，各种材料，以及各种各样的儿童涉及和活跃的方式。
• Safety:Make sure staff members are aware of safety rules and procedures at all times. Check the spaces and materials often. See the Safety course for more information.
• Participation:确保所有孩子都有兴趣的选项。观察，以确保孩子们活跃。

Sensory Development

我们的感官的发展是我们物理发展的重要组成部分。在非常幼儿中，感官发展是有助于他们对周围世界的理解。随着孩子的增长，他们的感官发展变得更加精致。儿童（和成年人）以不同的方式处理周围环境。这就是为什么所有孩子都像相同的食物一样或听同样的音乐。每个人通过通过他们的感官处理方式来围绕他们的世界来解释他们周围的世界。

与员工合作时，鼓励他们通过感官镜头评估其环境;例如，有不同的气味，声音和纹理吗？大多数感官物品都没有商店买，他们被发现了材料。除了感觉表外，这里还有一些其他员工的想法吗？

• Go outside and take a nature walk, sit and write in a journal, or roll around in the grass.
• 提供具有有趣纹理和不同尺寸，颜色或气味的材料。
• 移动到不同类型的音乐。
• Try different types of food.
• Explore science-related concepts, such as hot and cold or wet and dry.

Age-Specific Considerations

While there are some common supports that all children need, there are also important differences between the age groups. These differences are important when it comes to equipping the environment and keeping children and youth safe.

婴儿

The need to connect with the people around them spurs the physical development of infants. To ensure that best practices are implemented, ensure that staff working with infants consider the following:

• 提供机会让年轻的婴儿玩on their tummies and backs. When young infants are playing on the floor on their backs, offering toys a little off to the side and above their heads encourages reaching and turning, which can lead to the development of rolling over. When infants are laying on their tummies, supervise them closely and watch for signs of distress.
• Limit the use of swings and other furniture that contains young and mobile infants. When caring for several children at once, offer toys on the floor for tummy time, space for mobile infants to crawl, or hanging toys for reaching.
• 可以安排坚固，可清洗的垫和立方体，以创造有趣，挑战的表面，以便爬行，爬行，走路和攀爬。
• 为“巡洋舰”提供长，低，稳定的表面，以坚持下去。儿童高度的搁板，窗台，柜台和设备的边缘应该有圆角，所以孩子们可以在没有撞到锋利的角落的情况下自由移动。
• Play music for connectedness and movement. Infants enjoy being rocked and held while you dance and sway with them.
• 定期观察婴儿，以确保环境支持其迅速变化的发展需求。

Toddlers

需要马刺托管的幼儿的物理发展。幼儿高度动力移动和使用新学习的技能。您必须确保与幼儿一起使用的工作人员提供以下内容：

• 警惕监督防止伤害作为幼儿探索和使用不同的材料。
• 各种支持个人需求的材料;他们喜欢操纵物体，携带材料，堆叠块和击倒塔，填充和倾销容器，如铲斗和播放钱包，并携带它们。
• Multiples of popular materials to reduce struggles over toys and objects, as they don’t yet understand the concept of sharing.
• 可用于制作音乐，行进和跳舞的材料。
• Open space where they can run, jump, hop, climb, throw and dump and not get bottlenecked with their peers.
• Interest areas where they can move to different activities according to their interests as they get closer to preschool-age.
• 适当大小的椅子和桌子使所有的孩子都可以坐下来，玩耍，安全地舒适地吃饭。
• An environment that provides more things that toddlers are able to do instead of things they can’t do; this will reduce the frustration for your staff of constant limit-setting.

Preschoolers

The need to stay busy spurs the physical development of preschoolers. Preschoolers have active bodies and minds. Ensure that staff working with preschoolers provide the following:

• Materials to cover the age range and abilities from the youngest to the oldest preschoolers including different sizes of pencils, crayons, and brushes, as well as different types of puzzles. Blocks and building materials can help span the age range; Duplos can be used by young 3-year-olds while Legos offer more complexity for 4- and 5-year-olds.
• Opportunities for children to play together in creative physical play or in games; these activities support not only physical development but social and language development as well.
• 长期的结构化和非结构化的身体活动和更少的“坐着时间”。
• Interest areas that address physical development. Skill-building is focused on fine-motor development, such as art and manipulatives. Art materials include writing and drawing materials, collages, and three-dimensional art materials. Children should be able to practice drawing, printing, painting, manipulating materials, gluing, pasting, cutting, and shredding.
• 教室里的书写中心，带铅笔，笔，衬里纸，期刊和印刷材料，鼓励儿童对印刷单词的萌芽兴趣以及使用更精致的小肌肉技能;串珠，形状和其他任务为儿童提供了练习眼手协调和微电机灵活性的机会。
• A model of appropriate behaviors in relation to eating, resting and physical activity. Children of this age are particularly sensitive to the behaviors of special people in their lives, as well as their peers.

学龄儿童

The drive to understand the world spurs the physical development of school-age children. School-age children challenge their bodies and their minds as they mature. You need to ensure that staff members working with school-age children provide the following:

• An understanding that children going through growth spurts can often times lack coordination or seem “clumsy.” This can be caused by a variety of reasons. Children may have had growth spurts in their torsos and arms, but not legs, or their feet might be fully grown, but not the rest of their body. Children going through these phases will have to work extra hard to excel or master certain athletic skills.
• “恰当适合”的体育活动，意思是它们对年轻的孩子来说并不是很容易，并且打算对年轻的孩子来说，他们并不是太难的不可否认的期望。
• A combination of aerobic activity, muscle strengthening, and bone strengthening exercises or activities that are fun and interactive. These provide opportunities for children to refine their gross motor skills.
• A team atmosphere by providing encouragement for everyone and by understanding that children at this age can have a range of abilities. When playing team sports, it is important to promote playing for fun and experience rather than winning, which will help alleviate the stress for less-athletic children. Allow children who have well developed skills to take the lead and to be a captain or to share their skills as a trainer by helping all children feel that they have a part to play.

In Summary

作为经理，您的责任是确保工作人员拥有所需的知识和材料，以支持您的计划服务的儿童和青少年的个人需求。观察工作人员在室内和外面都将帮助您评估他们对规划和实施适当活动的发展和技能的知识。提供正在进行的专业开发和维护安全和刺激的环境，支持您的员工支持儿童和青年。