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作为婴幼儿的护理者，你在每个幼儿的社会情感发展中都扮演着重要角色。正如您在第三课中所探索的，环境影响了婴幼儿发展和学习新技能的方式。这种学习很大程度上取决于护理人员在环境中创造反应灵敏和参与学习机会的能力。yabo电子游艺

社会情感发展的思考

了解到环境对婴幼儿学习有很大的贡献，反思幼儿在护理中的社会情感发展。考虑你的观察、与家人的沟通以及你收集的发展筛选和评估信息。询问每个婴儿和幼儿的发展以及他们的兴趣和发现。yabo电子游艺例如：

• 婴儿或幼儿是否会去一个主要的照顾者进行舒适？婴儿或幼儿是否允许成年人照顾者帮助他或她在不安时冷静下来？
• 婴儿或幼儿表达什么情绪？他或她以什么方式表达情感？
• 婴儿或幼儿是否自信地探索环境，知道自己或她的成年护理人员在附近？
• 婴儿或幼儿对自己的名字有反应吗？
• 婴儿或幼儿如何安慰？

By asking these questions, you have an opportunity to learn and document how each infant and toddler in your care develops social-emotional skills. These questions may also help you consider other areas of development, culture and temperament. This process can help you and families gather information to plan responsive environments as infants and toddlers develop social-emotional skills and learn new ways to communicate their needs and wants.

支持ing Social-Emotional Development for Infants and Toddlers

每个婴儿和幼儿以他或她自己的速度发展。社会情绪发展依赖于持续的，敏感关系。除了你在课程中审查的社会情感里程碑之外，婴儿期初会看到个性的基本要素，似乎在整个生命中相当一致。影响个人如何响应世界的元素被称为气质特征。研究人员Alexander Thomas和Stella Chess（1977）编制了与气质相关的特征列表：

• 活动水平–运动量和身体活动量
• 监管或节奏 - 基本功能的规律性，如进食和睡觉
• 接近和撤回 - 个人如何应对新情况，人物，地方或事物
• Adaptability – how quickly or slowly an individual adapts to change
• 敏感性 - 从触摸，声音，味道等到外部刺激的个人敏感程度。
• Intensity – the energy level of the individual when expressing moods
• 情绪——愉快愉快的行为与挑剔、哭泣或消极行为形成对比
• 分散注意力——个人由于外界刺激（例如，电视、电话铃声等）很容易失去对活动的关注
• 坚持——一个人在一项活动中会坚持多久而不放弃

你应该考虑气质特征和裁缝your approach to each unique infant and toddler when identifying approaches and strategies of supporting social-emotional development. You are more likely to successfully help infants and toddlers adjust to activities and experiences that promote their social-emotional competence when you become more attuned to temperament. The ability to understand and relate to an infant’s or toddler’s needs and temperament, or the quality of the relationship between the caregiver and young child, is often referred to as “goodness of fit.” Just like infants and toddlers, you have a temperament style and general approach to the world. The way you and the infants and toddlers in your program interact has a strong effect on the early care and learning environment. Careful consideration of temperament can support appropriate planning for activities and experiences. Within the Explore section of this lesson, you will have an opportunity to reflect on and learn more about temperament.

您护理中的一些婴儿和幼儿可能有影响其社交情绪发展的条件。社会情绪发展，在所有阶段，都是一个复杂的过程，涉及其他发展领域，例如认知技能，并通过从环境的意见（家庭，照顾者，同龄人，经验，活动等）增强。例如，一些婴儿和幼儿无法自我抚慰或平静，这可能导致监管障碍的发展。其他婴儿和幼儿可能会遭受抑郁症，特别是如果他们的一个或多个家庭成员沮丧。婴儿和幼儿的抑郁症可以作为饮食或社会互动的宣传，撤回或缺乏兴趣。

策略：学习情绪与情绪yabo电子游艺表达

Infants and toddlers learn about emotions and the expression of emotions through their interactions with others. Discussing interactions, activities, and experiences, as well as acknowledging and labeling emotions, are ways you can help infants and toddlers identify, understand, and express emotions in healthy ways. In addition, you can:

• 了解婴幼儿表达的情绪是寻求反应性成年人的反应性护理的真实感受。
• 镜像情感表达 - 如果婴儿或幼儿正在哭泣，你可以在说：“你似乎很沮丧。我要帮助你。“
• Add words to facial expressions to help infants and toddlers build a vocabulary of emotion words – “You are smiling; you seem so happy today!”
• 使用书籍、音乐、木偶和手指演奏，突出情感和情感词汇。

策略：学习游戏和友谊yabo电子游艺技巧

Infants and toddlers are learning how to interact and play with others. Understanding and expressing emotions in healthy ways can help support and contribute to the development of social skills, including playing, making and keeping friends, and getting along with others. Consider the following ideas as possible ways to encourage the development of play and friendship skills for the infants and toddlers in your care:

• 将婴儿挨着一个放在地板上的毯子上——评论你注意到婴儿在做什么
• 在墙上放置一个安全的镜子，这样婴儿可以朝镜子看，看到自己和其他人
• 模型和使用旧幼儿在一起玩时可以使用的单词
• 谈谈婴幼儿如何鼓励透视
• 阅读有关与朋友交往和玩耍的书籍

看到了吗

Responsive Interactions for Social Emotional Growth

Do

反应灵敏和令人着迷的环境的特点是有意地、经常地使用发展适当的互动和经验，包括社会情感成长的机会。在您与婴幼儿日常互动中，请考虑以下事项：

• Remember that infants and toddlers are watching your expressions and learning ways to respond to strong emotions—use “I” statements and describe your feelings during interactions.
• 通过帮助婴儿继续感到安全，鼓励他们在流动婴儿中进行探索：我看见你！你正在爬行，感到自豪！”
• Use infants’ and toddlers’ names frequently.
• 在自我监管方面思考Tantrums，帮助幼儿重新夺回焦点和关注。
• 当读给大婴儿和幼儿的书时，要做一个面部表情，以赞美故事的特点或部分：是的，那头牛感觉很困。让我们睡觉。”
• 通知并描述了女性行为 - “你提供了另一个蓝色的球。你是这么好的朋友。“
• 帮助有同伴冲突的孩子——“你们都想要卡车，而且正在拉卡车。”。我们可以一起解决这个问题吗？”