Know

Sense of Self – Infants and Toddlers

As highlighted in Lesson One, a sense of self includes the roles, attributes, behaviors, and associations that we consider most important about ourselves (Ylvisaker, 2006). Many factors develop who we are, including our occupations, hobbies, affiliations, abilities, personality traits, and spiritual beliefs. How we identify ourselves is largely the result of our immediate surroundings and significant relationships, especially for young children. As an infant and toddler caregiver, you have a significant influence on how infants and toddlers perceive and feel about themselves each day they are in your care and long after they depart for kindergarten.

如您所知，婴儿和幼儿正在不断地迁移他们的身体并通过他们的身体表达自己。事实上，由于他们的关系因敏感而发展，关怀的成年人，婴儿用他们的身体来靠近并连接到他人或离开。他们拥有的每一个经历和帮助创造它的意义并影响下一步会发生什么。随着时间的记忆随着时间的推移而加起来，婴儿开始发展自己或自己的内部图片。“这是我，当我对我的照顾者感到安全和快乐的时候 - 她抱着我，我的脸微笑着。”发展自我感官是许多事情的混合，例如年轻的孩子的气质和感官和物理加工能力与周围的社会，情感和物理环境相结合。Donna S. Wittmer和Sandy Petersen注意，“通过情绪沟通时代的时刻经历，他们被理解为与他人的互动期间发生的发展。婴儿了解他们自己了解他人的感情“（2013，第120页）。成年人如何培养婴儿和小孩帮助为增长的增长设定坚实的基础，并影响幼儿的脑大脑增长。

正如您所见，由于与家人和照顾者的互动而形成最早的自我意识。在社交情绪发展的课程中，您了解到婴儿使用哭泣，微笑，咕咕蛋，或移动他们的身体，让他们的照顾者知道他们的需求。护理人员如何应对这些提示向婴儿发送消息，例如，“你是安全的，喜爱和重视”或“你不重要”。这些消息影响了婴儿的未来行为和态度。当家庭和照顾者以温暖和关怀的方式对婴儿的提示持续反应时，婴儿变得安全，自信，快乐，而接受一致消极或混合信息的婴儿可能会变得可怕和沮丧（Marshall，1989）。当婴儿生长到幼儿然后进入学龄前儿童时，这种响应过程仍在继续。亚慱彩票它发生在相互作用期间的时刻，并影响婴儿和幼儿如何希望其他人在一起并对待它们。要了解有关响应性护理的更多信息，您可以查看婴儿和蹒跚学步的社交情绪课程。

Remembering the Brain

作为婴儿和幼儿照顾者，您认识到培育成年人和环境影响幼儿大脑的途径。在考虑发展自我和与关系的联系（与培养成年人）和情绪的联系的发展时，您也可能发现自己在考虑大脑发展和生活中早期的模式。例如，响应性和情绪表达与大脑发育相互联系。因此，影响大脑的条件会影响情绪发展和自我意识。例如，自闭症“通常是由于无法理解其他人存在自己的观点，感受和经验”（Wittermer＆Petersen，2013，第127页）。

还显然，压力会影响大脑的发展。重复的负面经历变得加强和改变了最佳发展。花一点时间来了解有关压力的更多信息，通过观看以下剪辑来了解压力，幼儿的大脑和自我的发展：

自我意义：忽视的科学The Center of the Developing Child
at Harvard Universityhttp://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/multimedia/videos/inbrief_series/inbrief_neglect/

Diverse Learners and Families

没有两个婴儿，幼儿或家庭在您的护理环境中会相同，满足每个婴儿和幼儿的需求似乎是一个令人生畏和不可能的任务。没有一个最好的做法是帮助孩子培养健康的自我意识;它需要多次经验，随着时间的推移，以及每天的做法是互动的。在这些早期的岁月中，幼儿的自我意识应始终被视为在他或她的重要关系的背景下。作为婴儿和幼儿照顾者，您可以通过以下方式支持各种学习者和家庭：

• 为婴儿和幼儿提供可预测的例程，可以强调他们的家庭和护理环境之间的连续性
• 在护理环境中使用幼儿的家庭语言（例如，为正在经历遇险的婴儿或幼儿唱熟悉的歌曲）
• 将家庭照片放在婴儿和幼儿的睡眠区附近
• Learn words in the infant or toddler’s home language

In the first lesson, you had a chance to learn more about the ways families and caregiving practices are influenced by culture. For example, one family may value a quiet demeanor in a young child whereas in another family, assertiveness and speaking-up is valued. These values and beliefs guide the ways adults respond to infants and toddlers, which in turn affects the early messages an infant or toddler receives and, in essence, helps define who young children are. Coupled with individual beliefs and values are needs of all young children to help them grow, develop, express emotions and display behaviors in culturally appropriate ways, and develop a sense of self and self-worth. Brazelton and Greenspan (2000) emphasize that when seven irreducible needs (fundamental requirements of a healthy early childhood) are met, young children are able to feel safe and relate to others:

• Ongoing nurturing relationships
• Physical protection, safety and regulation
• 针对个体差异量身定制的经验
• Developmentally appropriate experiences
• 限制设置，结构和期望
• 稳定的社区和文化连续性
• 成年人保护未来

作为婴儿和幼儿照顾者，您是为家庭提供支持和理解的伟大来源。

看

As you watch the first video, consider how you help support the diverse set of infants’ or toddlers’ in your setting.

支持自我感觉：不同的学习者和家庭

Next, watch as these caregivers demonstrate and describe ways they use mirrors and pictures to support infants’ and toddlers’ self-knowledge.

支持自我感觉：镜子

As a caregiver, consider how you could incorporate mirrors and pictures into your environment and daily interactions to support young children’s positive self-images. Mirrors and pictures can provide a wonderful medium to help infants’ and toddlers’ understand their bodies, skills and actions. As you talk with children about these concepts, remember to stay sensitive to the messages you give them; caregivers may sometimes unknowingly reinforce gender, ethnic, racial, or ability stereotypes unless they remain reflective about the language they use in these interactions. For example, the caregivers above let these female infants know they are “pretty girls” when looking in the mirror. Consider what other kinds of self-understanding you would want to help these girls develop. For example, could they also be strong, persistent, and smart girls?

Do

Below are some things you can do to support a developing sense of self for the infants and toddlers in your care:

• 为婴儿和幼儿提供一致，可预测的经验，以支持归属感。
• 确定家庭优势，以支持他们的婴儿或幼儿的自我感。
• 专注于他们的文化背景中的婴儿和幼儿。
• 提供低级镜子和其他反射玩具，并描述婴儿认为使他们能够识别自己的反射。
• 通过指向，触摸和命名，帮助婴儿和幼儿识别身体部位。