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Self-Reflection

As we grow older, we tend to have thoughts and draw conclusions about who we are as a person and who we are in a specific role (e.g., as a parent or at work). Take a moment to write down eight to ten words or phrases that describe the kind of person you are. How did you describe yourself? Funny? Smart? Energetic? Flexible? Emotional? It’s likely that some of your answers reflect particular personality traits, yet all of your descriptions offer a window into your sense of self. This course will help you better understand the concept of self and how it relates to your own competence, confidence, and well-being. It will also help explain how a sense of self develops for infants and toddlers and what it means for you as an infant and toddler caregiver.

什么是自我感觉？

根据沟通障碍的研究员，根据Mark Ylvisaker的说法，我们的自我感包括我们认为最重要的作用，属性，行为和关联。帮助发展我们的人的例子包括我们的职业，爱好，隶属关系，能力，人格特征和精神信仰。我们如何识别以及我们对自己的感受如何主要是我们环境和立即环境的结果。例如，如果您是令人鼓舞或培育环境的一部分，您更有可能对您的能力感到接受和自信。虽然您是一个不支持或负面环境的一部分，但您可能难以发现您是谁是由于缺乏接受和鼓励来探索您的兴趣和积极的属性。想想一个你知道谁对她有信心的人或他执行特定任务或技能的能力。此个人机会已获得积极的反馈和其他人的支持，这有助于进一步发展这些技能并培养身份感。

As we grow and mature over our lifetimes, our identities can also change depending on time and place. Relationships, parenthood, and other life events can help shape our identities. Think back on who you were 10 years ago. Do you feel like the same person now? Whether you were 19 or 59 a decade ago, it is likely that your concept of who you are has changed in some way. Perhaps you have accomplished major goals like earning a degree or starting a family and these events have changed how you see yourself. Perhaps experiences like caring for an aging parent or ending a long-term relationship have called into question things you thought you knew about yourself.

Your interactions with others can also shape your sense of self. For example, if your family praises your cooking ability you may come to believe that you are a good cook. However, if you were to enroll in a cooking class, your perception of your abilities may change when you are in the company of others with similar or more advanced culinary talents. In this example, your sense of self was altered, though your ability level remained the same. Your sense of self was not judged to be true or false, but rather good enough or not good enough because of the situation. If you truly enjoy cooking, though, and gain some joy from it regardless of who else is in your presence, you are less likely to need encouragement from others because you are motivated from within.

According to Ylvisaker (2006), there are seven experiences that contribute to the construction of a positive and productive sense of self:

Sense of Self for Infants and Toddlers

父母和婴儿之间扮演的舞蹈在出生时提供了一个幼儿，了解她或他是谁，她或他如何适应她的世界，以及她或他可以期待那些人。这些早期的经历来塑造孩子心理学家John Bowby指的是“内部工作模式”。最令人着迷的Bowlby闻名于依恋理论，认为婴儿通过与主要护理人员的附件开发内部工作模型。内部工作模型提供了一种理解和接近持续关系和对自我和他人的理解的框架。通过安全，培养和响应的关系，婴儿可能会培养一种自信感，“我很重要，”“我为”，“我可以让事情发生。”或者，由于不可预测，较少响应的早期互动，婴儿可能会感到恐惧和焦虑，同时将世界视为不安全。

With a heavy reliance on the care of responsive adults and limited verbal communication skills, it is difficult for an infant to identify and describe how he or she sees himself or herself. According to behavioral scientist John Santrock: “Late in the second year and early in the third year, toddlers show other emerging forms of self-awareness that reflect a sense of ‘me.’ For example, they refer to themselves by saying “Me big”; they label internal experiences such as emotions; they monitor themselves, as when a toddler says, “Do it myself”; and they say that things are theirs.” (Santrock, 2008)”.

What is Resilience?

据米歇尔·瓦德德和芭芭拉弗雷德里克森（2004年）介绍，有个人似乎非常有效地从负面事件中反弹，而其他人则被抓住了一个车辙，似乎无法摆脱他们的挣扎和消极的条纹。尽管负面压力源能够继续前进，证明了一种称为弹性的概念。据说有人在面临的损失，困难或逆境面临时，据说是有责任的人是有效的。这并不是说他们对消极情绪视而不见，或者不会经历高水平的焦虑和挫折感。相反，有一个有弹性的人选择以更大的速度专注于情况的积极方面和情绪。

Every infant and toddler has an opportunity to develop and enhance personal characteristics and other strengths that act as protective factors or help create a protective barrier to misfortune and change. These strengths, or protective factors, are developed within the context of important, safe and responsive relationships with caring adults. They can also be strengthened by protective factors found within the environments in which the infant or toddler plays and lives, as well as within the child himself or herself. The within-self protective factors are closely tied to the development of self and social and emotional well-being.

文化扮演什么角色？

Culture helps define how individuals see themselves and how they relate to others. Remember that individuals differ in many ways: language diversity, cultural diversity, gender diversity, religious diversity, and economic diversity (Selmi, Gallagher, & Mora-Flores, 2015). All of these aspects of diversity work together to form your sense of self.

It is important for you to acknowledge and understand that individuals may not develop a sense of self in the same manner. A family’s cultural values shape the development of its child’s self-concept: Culture shapes how we each see ourselves and others. For example, some cultures prefer children to be quiet and respectful when around adults. This does not indicate that a quiet child lacks self-confidence. It is important to remember that not all families reinforce the mainstream American cultural values of individualism, competition, and assertiveness. Young children learn and absorb the stories told to them that often emphasize a family’s values and affect a child’s self-concept. As children grow older and attend school and spend leisure time with their peers, they learn that others may not have the same values as their family. For instance, some families may value academics over playing sports while another family may value the arts and learning to play a musical instrument. Each family influences a child’s self-concept within their cultural context. Young children may describe themselves based upon their family’s values (for example, a young child from a culture that stresses fitting in with others as a strong value may describe herself as “kind” while another child from a culture that stresses individualism may describe herself as “a good runner”). As an infant and toddler caregiver, you assume the important task of nurturing young children’s sense of self, and you must carefully observe and listen to each child.

Two of the most studied aspects of culture related to the sense of self are independence and interdependence. Independence views individuals as separate from one another, and ideas such as self-esteem, individual choices, and assertiveness are valued. Interdependence means more value is placed on the group, and ideas like conformity, concern for others, and group decision-making are valued. Children come from families and cultures that value independence and interdependence in different ways at different times.

According to developmental psychologist Catherine Raeff, culture can influence how you, staff members, and children view:

• Relationships：文化影响你进入和维护关系的方式。例如，关系可以被视为自愿或作为占空比。这影响了成年人如何鼓励孩子形成关系：他们选择与之扮演的人或鼓励儿童在某些方面发挥促进集团福利吗？
• Personality traits: Culture influences whether and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others.
• 成就: Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group achievements.
• 表达情绪: Culture influences how and whether you consider feelings public or private.

What Does This Mean For You?

As an infant and toddler caregiver you are likely to encounter coworkers and family members from a variety of backgrounds and life experiences. It is important for you to understand the complexity of culture’s influence on identity, but it is also important for you to understand individual differences. For example, a parent who has had a lifetime of encouragement, praise, and support may have very different needs from a parent who has experienced extensive criticism, self-doubt, and isolation. In addition, one parent may recognize and celebrate a young toddler’s growing abilities and all the toddler is capable of doing on his or her own, while another parent may choose to take on tasks the toddler is capable of doing for himself or herself. Depending on how often a young child experiences these different approaches, he or she may be confused about his own abilities to control and influence his world.

See

Watch this video and reflect on your own sense of self, and how your life experiences and interactions have helped you formed your self-image. Consider all the aspects that influence children’s developing sense of self and think about how you, as a caregiver, contribute to children’s positive self-image.

Infants & Toddlers: An Introduction To Self

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婴儿和幼儿需要支持培育和响应的成年人来帮助他们发展和发展！以下是一些您可以做些什么来支持婴儿和幼儿在您的护理中的发展意识：

• Respond to infants’ and toddlers’ cries and other cues, such as picking him up when he needs comfort.
• 承认并表现出婴儿和幼儿发现的兴奋。“看看你找到了什么！你爬到了架子上，找到了你最喜欢的球！“
• Understand and sensitively respond to infants’ and toddler’s temperaments and preferences.
• Pay attention to infants’ responses to different sounds, textures, sights, etc.

Completing this Course

有关本课程中的预期，自我和文化理解的更多信息Competency Reflection以及在整个课程中提供的随附的学习，探索和应用资源和活动列表，参观婴儿和蹒跚学步的自我和文化理解Course Guide。

请注意，每个课程结束时的引用和资源部分概述了参考源和资源，以查找有关所涵盖主题的其他信息。当您完成课程时，您预计不会审查所有可用的在线参考。但是，欢迎您进一步探索资源，如果您有兴趣或培训师，教练或管理员的要求进一步探索资源。