Know

好奇心推动婴儿和幼儿来调查和探索他们的环境。通过探索，婴儿和幼儿在一起，在重复令人愉快的行动并在学习时获得乐趣感。yabo电子游艺

Most infants learn to explore objects with all of their senses: seeing, touching, hearing, tasting and smelling. Through safe exploration, they also begin to develop ways of learning and gathering information about objects. Researchers have found that 12-month-old infants can remember and copy some actions they see up to four weeks later, even without practicing the actions in the meantime (Klein & Meltzoff 1999).

了解婴幼儿的发展，以及扮演的角色，可以帮助照顾者选择材料，以满足幼儿的独特需求和兴趣，并支持他们的发展和学习。yabo电子游艺

选择材料

照顾者在为婴儿或幼儿环境选择材料时有很多选择。这些材料有助于为学习奠定基础。当婴儿和学步儿童能够看到和玩他们家里的材料时，他们可能会有一种安全感。yabo电子游艺

While infants and toddlers explore materials that are interesting to them, it is the caregiver that helps make the experience meaningful. Caregivers should select materials that are:

• Culturally relevant:这些材料是否反映并尊重该计划和更广泛的社区的种族，种族，文化，语言和家庭多样性？
• Developmentally appropriate:这些材料允许婴儿和幼儿以各种方式发挥吗？这些材料是否有助于我们为婴儿和幼儿达到重要的学习目标？yabo电子游艺
• 与儿童的利益相关联：Do these materials reflect the infant and toddlers’ current interests and help spark new interests?

文化相关

婴儿和幼儿的戏剧和学习材料应该是文化相关的。yabo电子游艺但是，这是什么意思？文化相关性意味着您选择的材料应反映您房间中不同儿童的背景，知识和经验。通过选择验证和赋予所有种族，种族和社交背景的儿童的材料，您将在儿童家庭和学校生活之间建一座桥梁，这将为学习提供强大的基础。yabo电子游艺

There many simple ways to expose children to positive images of people from a variety of backgrounds:

• Display pictures that represent all children, families and staff in your program.
• Display pictures of men and women in a variety of jobs (police officer, construction worker, teacher, chef).
• Include items that represent cultures from around the world (scarves, cooking utensils, musical instruments)
• 库存您的学习空间与书籍yabo电子游艺提供有关年龄，性别，种族，文化，特殊需求，不同家庭和语言多样性的积极信息（例如，字母表和各种文化的书籍）。
• 让家人把家里的东西借给你。
• Dolls should represent a range of ages, races and abilities.
• Play traditional and contemporary music from around the globe.

最重要的是，记得聘请家庭在做出学习空间一个文化适当的空间。yabo电子游艺显示家庭的框架照片。用孩子们创造家庭书籍。鼓励家庭成员分享他们的家庭语言，并帮助您用那种语言的单词标记房间内的物品。

Developmentally Appropriate

Toys and materials in your learning space should be developmentally appropriate. This means they should match the stage of development of the children in your care. Because children develop at different rates, choosing developmentally appropriate materials means you should have a range of toys available that can accommodate differences between individual children’s skills, interests and characteristics. A room stocked with developmentally appropriate materials “fits” the child—the child should not have to adjust to “fit” the learning space!

在婴儿期和蹒跚学步，孩子们急剧发展和改变。护理人员应考虑玩具和材料与他们当前的发展相匹配以及材料如何支持正在进行的发展和学习。yabo电子游艺例如，用婴儿和幼儿观察和阅读书籍可以支持以下类型的开发：

• 情绪化：Book reading and quiet book areas give infants and toddlers an opportunity to relax and recharge.
• 社交：Looking at books with a caregiver or friend can help strengthen a relationship.
• Motor:Turning the pages of a book uses and enhances fine-motor skills.
• 语：护理人员可以阅读并帮助婴儿和幼儿探索书籍，图片和新词。
• Cognitive:Infants and toddlers are introduced to new words, text and pictures.

发育适当的玩具促进通过游戏学习。yabo电子游艺当在安全的环境中提供这些玩具时，婴儿和幼儿可以与他们和彼此相互作用。如果玩具过于困难或高级，婴儿和幼儿可能会受到沮丧。此外，如果玩具太简单，他们可能会变得无聊，并寻求以不安全的方式娱乐（例如，整个房间跑步或在家具上攀爬）。通过互动，护理人员可以帮助婴儿和幼儿探讨发育的合适材料，并将自己视为称职的学习者。

适合发展的材料的一部分包括尽可能多的喜爱的物品。拥有令人垂涎的物品（如娃娃、卡车或音乐物品）的复制品将减少婴幼儿的沮丧情绪，并鼓励儿童之间的积极互动。重要的是要记住，婴儿和学步儿童还有许多其他自然的机会，可以在照顾者的指导下开始学习“话轮转换”；例如，当幼儿协商谁将下一步走下滑梯时，或当大一点的婴儿学会在小组时间分享他们的歌曲想法时。yabo电子游艺

Examples of developmentally appropriate materials for older infants (about 7–12 months) include:

• 建筑用软砌块
• Baby dolls
• 大球
• Nesting toys (e.g., plastic cups)
• Plastic and wood vehicles with wheels

Examples of developmentally appropriate materials for toddlers (about 24 months) include:

• 木制拼图4-12件
• Dress-up clothes, puppets
• Chalkboard with large pieces of chalk
• Blocks, transportation toys
• 更详细的图画书

指的是两个附件后在这节课中,选择材料(Learn section) andMeeting Infants’ and Toddlers’ Needs: Developmentally Appropriate Materials（应用部分）为婴幼儿选择玩具和材料的优秀指南。

在您在安全课程中学到的时候，您应该确保您提供的材料是安全的。应为婴儿和/或幼儿进行学习空间中的所有材料。yabo电子游艺确保您的房间是免费的有毒物质（例如，某些植物或艺术用品）。确保您仔细监督对年幼的儿童可能困难的材料。

Linked to Children’s Interests

看护者可以通过在互动和体验中提供引人入胜的玩具，在婴幼儿游戏的基础上发展。有效的材料是安全的，补充了婴幼儿的能力、优势和兴趣。例如，对于一个对动物表示兴趣的幼儿，看护者可以在他喜欢玩耍的感觉区或障碍区添加塑料动物玩具。

Materials that can be used in a variety of ways and that meet infants’ and toddlers’ developmental needs can provide a sense of security. Opportunities created for infants and toddlers to easily access, have fun with and manipulate materials that meet their interests and learning styles help infants and toddlers:

• 感到能力，认识到他们有能力做不同的事情和表达想法
• 发展自助技能技能
• 与他们的照顾者和同行互动
• 感到平静和支持

Remember some families may not value play the way other families do. Some families may not have an environment that allows for safe play or a tradition of special time or floor play with their infant or toddler. Learn about families, seek to understand differences and find what is most important in the care of their infants and toddlers.

开放式材料

Not all toys are created equal. Some toys spark imagination and some hinder it. You might have noticed that young children are often more interested in the box than the toy that came inside it. Why? Because the box can become anything. It becomes a drum when you hit it, a house when you put a doll inside it, a hat when you put it on your head and a mask when you play hide and seek behind it. The possibilities are endless. Infants and toddlers learn and explore more when a toy is only limited by their imaginations. Consider the following list and think about why toys spark or limit imaginative play.

Toys that may limit imaginative play:

• Action figures or plastic dolls with preset accessories or movements
• Toys that talk, sing or dance
• Toys that are branded, such as with a TV show or popular character

激发富有想象力的玩具和材料：

• Dress-up clothes
• Large boxes
• Baby dolls
• Musical instruments
• Writing and art materials
• Items that are “open-ended” or can be used in a variety of different ways (e.g., blocks, scarves)

Linked to Developmental Goals

也许最重要的是要思考为什么哟u have selected the materials in your room. Ask yourself: how will this toy help infants and toddlers meet their individual learning and development goals? What will they learn from the toy? Use your knowledge of learning and development standards for infants and toddlers and your curriculum guidelines to shape your classroom decisions. Select materials that will help individual children in your classroom work on their current developmental or learning goals.

Look for materials that promote infant and toddler development in a variety of ways. For example, perhaps you have colorful mobiles hung low for younger infants to grasp, kick and move to assist with their fine- and gross-motor development. These mobiles could be constructed out of different colored and textured fabrics so as infants and caregivers interact with them, caregivers can make comments about the different characteristics (“I see you just grabbed the red string,” or “Oooh, that one feels soft doesn’t it?”) These comments help children’s cognitive understanding of the world around them and build their early vocabularies.

看

Watch this video for more ideas about the selection and use of materials to support learning and development in infant and toddler care.

在婴儿学习环境中充分利用材料yabo电子游艺

Do

在为婴儿和幼儿选择材料方面，请务必：

• Talk to a trainer, coach or supervisor about materials that are most appropriate for your learning space.
• Offer materials that challenge infants and toddlers but are not so complex they cause frustration.
• Change materials in response to infants’ and toddlers’ growth and development.
• 包括最喜欢的项目的重复。
• Make adaptations so that all infants and toddlers can be included in experiences and can use materials in the learning environment.
• Ask families to contribute materials from their own homes.
• Reflect on the materials in your learning space. If you notice any biased materials, make a change.