Know

洗手

洗手是你可以做的最重要的事情，以保持自己和课堂上的孩子健康。洗手术停止了疾病和感染的传播，这对您和您的护理中的孩子很重要。研究发现，适当的洗手减少了50％的儿童和成年人腹泻型疾病的发生。它还可以帮助预防感冒，流感和其他感染。必须知道成年人和孩子应该如何洗手。作为婴儿和幼儿照顾者，您需要在帮助幼儿，特别是婴儿，洗手时需要更积极的作用。

健康的习惯在清晨开始，你可以教孩子对如何预防疾病和感染的重要组成。有三种主要方面可以进入身体：通过与咳嗽和打喷嚏，切割和刮擦的粘液，切割和刮擦，以及与血液和其他体液接触。作为一个婴儿和幼儿照顾者，重要的是要知道如何防止这些来源的疾病传播以及如何促进卫生习惯。保持清洁手是我们可以采取的最重要的步骤之一，以避免生病和向他人传播细菌。您教授婴儿和幼儿的健康习惯也可以帮助将这些实践带回家。最近的一项研究表明，在使用公共洗手间后，只有31％的男性和65％的女性洗手。（犹大等，2009）。

Coughs and Sneezes

When someone coughs or sneezes, tiny particles are released into the air. These particles can contain germs. When we breathe in these particles or touch a surface that has been contaminated, we increase our risk of getting sick. The risk increases if we touch our eyes, nose, or mouth. Proper handwashing after sneezing, coughing into your hand, blowing your nose, or after helping a child who has sneezed is important to maintain a healthy environment and to avoid the spread of disease.

Respiratory infections and germs are spread through coughing and sneezing. In addition to handwashing after coughing or sneezing, use these simple techniques to cut down on the spread of airborne germs:

• Cough into your elbow instead of your hand. Older toddlers can be shown this technique, but know they might not remember to do it all the time. It is good to model to help them start healthy practices.
• 如果有可用的话，请用一次性组织盖住打喷嚏。在免提垃圾桶中处理组织。
• 在课堂上保持组织，当你出境时带着你，这让幼儿有机会练习这种健康的习惯。你可能会经历很多纸巾，但这是形成一个很重要的良好习惯的形成。当然，在使用组织并将其扔掉后，你和孩子们需要洗手。

切割，刮擦和溃疡

当伤口愈合时,他们可能会滴,软泥或流失。These fluids can spread infection and the wound itself also is susceptible to infection. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2011) recommends covering and containing any wound that is leaking. If the wound cannot be contained, the child or adult should stay home until a scab has developed. Hand-hygiene is critical before and after contact with your own, another staff-member's, or a child's sores, cuts, or scrapes.

血液和其他体液

血液可以携带各种病原体。血源性病原体包括人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV），乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）。这些疾病在儿童护理中的传播是罕见的。它们最常通过针棒或血液或其他体液通过眼睛，鼻子，嘴巴或破碎的皮肤进入身体时。这些疾病不会通过唾液，汗水或呕吐物传播。休闲接触，如拥抱，分享杯子，使用公共洗手间，或咳嗽和打喷嚏不要分布血腥疾病。

然而,促进卫生实践和decrease the chance of contracting various infectious diseases, you should wash your hands before and after helping a child or another staff member who has been injured, and after handling bodily fluids of any kind (i.e., mucus, blood, vomit, saliva, urine), and you should wear gloves. You should wash hands immediately after contact with blood, body fluids, excretions, or wound dressings and bandages. Once again, it is important to wear gloves when you may come into contact with blood or body fluids which may contain blood. More about the use and removal of gloves is provided in Lesson 3.

洗手手术

Think about everything your hands come in contact with on a daily basis. Now multiply that by all the little hands, and hands of other staff, parents, and visitors in your classroom. That's a lot of opportunities for the transmission of germs. Proper handwashing is the most effective way to reduce the spread of disease.

For handwashing to be effective, proper procedures must be followed. Although the basic steps to handwashing remain the same, your level of involvement and the exact procedure will vary depending on the developmental stage and motor control of the infant or toddler you are helping.

The basic steps to handwashing:(see the handwashing posters in the Apply section)

• Turn on water, wet hands completely
• Apply liquid soap
• 泡沫好20秒，擦洗所有表面，包括手的背部，手指之间的手指和手指在他们的指甲之间。
• 在自来水下冲洗双手
• Dry hands with a disposable towel.
• 使用纸巾关闭水龙头。
• 将纸张扔进垃圾桶

For very young infants, unable to support their heads:

When an infant is unable to hold his or her head up, or to stand at the sink, or if he or she is too heavy for you to hold at the sink, you can wash the infants hands by using the three towel method. Prepare these three towels ahead of time, and use them in the following order with very young infants.

1. One dampened and soapy for washing the infant's hands
2. 一个蘸水用水冲洗婴儿的手
3. 一个干燥，用于干燥婴儿的手

在此过程之后，请务必按照上面概述的洗手的基本步骤洗手。

对于年轻的婴儿，可以支持他们的头脑但尚未站在水槽上：

当你能够抱着婴儿时，但他或她还不能站在他或她在水槽上。

1. Carry the infant over to the sink. Be careful not to push the infant's belly into the sink.

   如果需要，您可以通过将脚放在凳子上抬起腿并在膝盖上休息婴儿来帮助您的腿，以便洗涤他或她的手。

2. 在将婴儿抱在水槽时，使用上面概述的基本洗手步骤清洗婴儿的手

Again, wash your own hands when you are finished.

For older infants, who are able to stand at the sink:

Older infants, even for those who are not yet proficient walkers, but who are able to stand safely on their own, can stand at a toddler height sink or on a safe step stool to wash their hands with help from you. You may need to help them to the sink and assure they are stable first, before beginning the handwashing steps.

As they are still infants, you will likely have to follow the handwashing step with them, and as you do for younger infants, gently wash their hands, moving them around and explaining the various steps to handwashing, so that as they grow, they can become increasingly autonomous.

Again, wash your own hands each time you have finished assisting a child.

对于幼儿，谁可以走到水槽：

Make sure there is a child-height sink or a safe step stool available for toddlers. Also make sure that the toddlers follow the basic handwashing steps every time. As toddlers are still learning, they will likely need your assistance. You will likely need to model steps many times, and may need to physically assist with certain parts, such as lathering, as children are still learning how to proficiently do each part.

孩子们很重要，让他们的双手洗手20秒 - 就像成年人一样。当他们洗手时教孩子们唱一首歌曲可以提供帮助。“字母歌曲，”闪烁，闪烁的小星星，“或”生日歌曲“都是良好的选择。查看更多访问的更多想法歌曲：https://childcare.extension.org/using-hand-washing-songs-to-encourage-children-in-child-care-to-wash --hands-thoroughly/.

Every step of the handwashing procedure is important to the whole process and a missed step can cause re-contamination and the spread of germs. A poster showing proper handwashing procedures should be posted by every adult and child sink for reference (see Apply section). In addition, handwashing supplies should always be well stocked and accessible.

See

As you have learned, proper handwashing at the appropriate times is the most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases.

洗手正确完成

Now watch as caregivers assist infants and toddlers with proper handwashing.

Assisting With Handwashing

Do

洗手必须是儿童和员工的习惯。知道什么时候洗手就像了解如何洗手一样重要。除了用手明显弄脏时，手动尤为重要时都有特定的时期。美国的儿科学院建议：

健康习惯提前建立，因此婴幼儿和幼儿是暴露在洗手的情况下。婴儿依靠你来支持他们的洗手。您还应该挂在水槽上方的照片或海报，如下所示，帮助提醒孩子措施适当的洗手。在“应用”部分中，您可以在您的程序中使用的海报示例。

如果没有下沉（例如，在实地考察中），请与您的主管联系，看看是否批准用于您的计划中的酒精的手动消毒剂，以及儿童的历史。如果是这样，请密切监督儿童，只在他们手中涂上豌豆大小的金额，并教他们如何一起用手揉搓，让消毒剂空气干燥。如果手没有明显弄脏，但手动消毒剂才会有效。酒精手动消毒剂对常常嘴的婴儿不安全;这些洗手液通常仅适用于超过2岁以上的儿童使用。

当您的课堂上出现时，应对可经教导的时刻，并使用这些作为机会提醒孩子何时以及如何正确洗手。例如，如果你发现一个孩子打喷嚏到他或她的手然后触摸玩具或其他教室表面，请赞美孩子的“覆盖”他们的打喷嚏并提醒他或她，他们应该在打喷嚏后洗手。与此同时，确保您遵循程序妥善清洁和消毒玩具和曲面在打喷嚏后可能触摸的脸。

最后，作为一个婴儿和幼儿照顾者，记得向婴儿解释你在做什么，以及为什么，当你帮助婴儿和幼儿洗手时。这种重要的疾病战斗常规可以嵌入您在您的护理中的响应关系中。模型步骤，并通过儿童的步骤谈谈，因此他们可以学习自我保健和疾病保护的这种必要方面。