Know

洗手

洗手是你可以做的最重要的事情，以保持自己和课堂上的孩子健康。洗手术停止了疾病和感染的传播，这对您和您的护理中的孩子很重要。研究发现，适当的洗手减少了50％的儿童和成年人腹泻型疾病的发生。它还可以帮助预防感冒，流感和其他感染。必须知道成年人和孩子应该如何洗手。作为婴儿和幼儿照顾者，您需要在帮助幼儿，特别是婴儿，洗手时需要更积极的作用。

健康的习惯在清晨开始，你可以教孩子对如何预防疾病和感染的重要组成。有三种主要方面可以进入身体：通过与咳嗽和打喷嚏，切割和刮擦的粘液，切割和刮擦，以及与血液和其他体液接触。作为一个婴儿和幼儿照顾者，重要的是要知道如何防止这些来源的疾病传播以及如何促进卫生习惯。保持清洁手是我们可以采取的最重要的步骤之一，以避免生病和向他人传播细菌。您教授婴儿和幼儿的健康习惯也可以帮助将这些实践带回家。最近的一项研究表明，在使用公共洗手间后，只有31％的男性和65％的女性洗手。（犹大等，2009）。

Coughs and Sneezes

When someone coughs or sneezes, tiny particles are released into the air. These particles can contain germs. When we breathe in these particles or touch a surface that has been contaminated, we increase our risk of getting sick. The risk increases if we touch our eyes, nose, or mouth. Proper handwashing after sneezing, coughing into your hand, blowing your nose, or after helping a child who has sneezed is important to maintain a healthy environment and to avoid the spread of disease.

Respiratory infections and germs are spread through coughing and sneezing. In addition to handwashing after coughing or sneezing, use these simple techniques to cut down on the spread of airborne germs:

• Cough into your elbow instead of your hand. Older toddlers can be shown this technique, but know they might not remember to do it all the time. It is good to model to help them start healthy practices.
• Cover sneezes with a disposable tissue if one is available. Dispose of tissues in a hands-free trash can.
• 在教室里保持组织和带他们you when you go outside, which allows toddlers the opportunity to practice this healthy habit. You might go through a lot of tissues but it's the formation of a good habit that matters. Of course, after using the tissue and throwing it away, you and the children need to wash hands.

Cuts, Scrapes, and Sores

作为伤口愈合，它们可能会滴下，渗出或排出。这些流体可以传播感染，伤口本身也易受感染。美国儿科学院（2011年）建议覆盖和含有泄漏的任何伤口。如果伤口不能被遏制，孩子或成年人应该留在家，直到SCAB开发出来。手中卫生在与您自己的另一个员工或儿童溃疡，削减或刮擦联系之前和之后至关重要。

血液和其他体液

Blood can carry a variety of pathogens. Bloodborne pathogens include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Transmission of these diseases in child care is rare. They are most frequently transmitted through needle sticks or when blood or other body fluid enters the body through eyes, nose, mouth, or broken skin. These diseases are not spread through saliva, sweat, or vomit. Casual contact like hugging, sharing a cup, using a public restroom, or coughing and sneezing do not spread bloodborne diseases.

然而,促进卫生实践和decrease the chance of contracting various infectious diseases, you should wash your hands before and after helping a child or another staff member who has been injured, and after handling bodily fluids of any kind (i.e., mucus, blood, vomit, saliva, urine), and you should wear gloves. You should wash hands immediately after contact with blood, body fluids, excretions, or wound dressings and bandages. Once again, it is important to wear gloves when you may come into contact with blood or body fluids which may contain blood. More about the use and removal of gloves is provided in Lesson 3.

洗手手术

Think about everything your hands come in contact with on a daily basis. Now multiply that by all the little hands, and hands of other staff, parents, and visitors in your classroom. That's a lot of opportunities for the transmission of germs. Proper handwashing is the most effective way to reduce the spread of disease.

For handwashing to be effective, proper procedures must be followed. Although the basic steps to handwashing remain the same, your level of involvement and the exact procedure will vary depending on the developmental stage and motor control of the infant or toddler you are helping.

The basic steps to handwashing:(see the handwashing posters in the Apply section)

• Turn on water, wet hands completely
• Apply liquid soap
• Lather well for 20 seconds, scrubbing all surfaces, including the backs of their hands, wrists, between their fingers and under their fingernails.
• Rinse hands well under running water
• Dry hands with a disposable towel.
• Turn off the faucet using the paper towel.
• Throw paper down into trash container

对于非常小的婴儿,他无法支持他们ads:

When an infant is unable to hold his or her head up, or to stand at the sink, or if he or she is too heavy for you to hold at the sink, you can wash the infants hands by using the three towel method. Prepare these three towels ahead of time, and use them in the following order with very young infants.

1. One dampened and soapy for washing the infant's hands
2. 一个蘸水用水冲洗婴儿的手
3. One dry for drying the infant's hands

在此过程之后，请务必按照上面概述的洗手的基本步骤洗手。

For young infants, who can support their heads but not yet stand at the sink:

When you are able to hold an infant, but he or she cannot yet stand on his or her own at the sink.

1. Carry the infant over to the sink. Be careful not to push the infant's belly into the sink.

   如果需要，您可以通过将脚放在凳子上抬起腿并在膝盖上休息婴儿来帮助您的腿，以便洗涤他或她的手。

2. 在将婴儿抱在水槽时，使用上面概述的基本洗手步骤清洗婴儿的手

Again, wash your own hands when you are finished.

For older infants, who are able to stand at the sink:

Older infants, even for those who are not yet proficient walkers, but who are able to stand safely on their own, can stand at a toddler height sink or on a safe step stool to wash their hands with help from you. You may need to help them to the sink and assure they are stable first, before beginning the handwashing steps.

As they are still infants, you will likely have to follow the handwashing step with them, and as you do for younger infants, gently wash their hands, moving them around and explaining the various steps to handwashing, so that as they grow, they can become increasingly autonomous.

Again, wash your own hands each time you have finished assisting a child.

对于幼儿，谁可以走到水槽：

Make sure there is a child-height sink or a safe step stool available for toddlers. Also make sure that the toddlers follow the basic handwashing steps every time. As toddlers are still learning, they will likely need your assistance. You will likely need to model steps many times, and may need to physically assist with certain parts, such as lathering, as children are still learning how to proficiently do each part.

It is important for children to wash their hands for 20 seconds-just like adults. Teaching the children to sing a song while they wash their hands can help. "The Alphabet Song," "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star," or "The Birthday Song" are all good choices. See more ideas for handwashing songs by visiting:https://childcare.extension.org/tag/handwashing-songs/.

Every step of the handwashing procedure is important to the whole process and a missed step can cause re-contamination and the spread of germs. A poster showing proper handwashing procedures should be posted by every adult and child sink for reference (see Apply section). In addition, handwashing supplies should always be well stocked and accessible.

See

As you have learned, proper handwashing at the appropriate times is the most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases.

洗手正确完成

Now watch as caregivers assist infants and toddlers with proper handwashing.

Assisting With Handwashing

Do

洗手必须是儿童和员工的习惯。知道什么时候洗手就像了解如何洗手一样重要。除了用手明显弄脏时，手动尤为重要时都有特定的时期。美国的儿科学院建议：

健康习惯提前建立，因此婴幼儿和幼儿是暴露在洗手的情况下。婴儿依靠你来支持他们的洗手。您还应该挂在水槽上方的照片或海报，如下所示，帮助提醒孩子措施适当的洗手。在“应用”部分中，您可以在您的程序中使用的海报示例。

If no sink is available (on a field trip, for example), check with your supervisor to see if alcohol-based hand sanitizers are approved for use in your program, and for what ages of children. If so, supervise the children closely, apply only a pea-size amount in their hands, and teach them how to rub their hands together and let the sanitizer air dry. Hand sanitizers are only effective if hands are not visibly soiled. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not safe for infants who frequently mouth their hands; these hand sanitizers are typically recommended for use only with children over 2 years of age.

当您的课堂上出现时，应对可经教导的时刻，并使用这些作为机会提醒孩子何时以及如何正确洗手。例如，如果你发现一个孩子打喷嚏到他或她的手然后触摸玩具或其他教室表面，请赞美孩子的“覆盖”他们的打喷嚏并提醒他或她，他们应该在打喷嚏后洗手。与此同时，确保您遵循程序妥善清洁和消毒玩具和曲面在打喷嚏后可能触摸的脸。

Lastly, as an infant and toddler caregiver, remember to explain to infants what you are doing, and why, when you help infants and toddlers wash their hands. This important disease-fighting routine can be imbedded in the responsive relationships you have with the children in your care. Model the steps, and talk through the steps with children, so they can learn this essential aspect of self-care and disease protection.