知道

We are by nature social beings, and communication plays a significant part in our daily personal and professional lives. What comes to mind as you think about the word “communication?” Perhaps you are thinking about the words “talking” or “speaking.” Listening? Understanding? Body language?

能够有效地沟通一个人的需求，感情和情绪对终身成功至关重要。有效的沟通有助于我们更好地了解人或情况，并使我们能够建立信任和尊重的关系，解决冲突，创造思想，问题解决和同理心可以蓬勃发展的环境。

沟通像看起来的那样简单,我们的大部分地区try to communicate to others—and what others try to communicate to us—gets misunderstood. Our ability to communicate and understand others is dependent upon how we interpret and make meaning out of the information we take in. We take in this information using our senses, including hearing what others say, seeing body language, and experiencing emotional responses. We then make meaning out of the information. Challenges to communication occur when we consider the fact that the ways we interpret and make meaning of information varies from person to person. Miscommunications can cause conflict and frustration in personal and professional relationships. The way we make meaning of information is a result of our early experiences, our beliefs and values, and other influences. Pause for a moment and think about situations in your own life where communication seemed successful and unsuccessful. What feelings did you associate with these situations? Perhaps excitement, contentment or relief when communication was effective? Frustration, anger or disappointment when effective communication seemed difficult to achieve?

什么是沟通？

Effective communication is more than just the exchange of information; it’s about understanding the emotion behind the message. The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards defines communication as “a tool that human beings use to meet their physical, social, and emotional needs” (2012, p. 27). A goal of effective communication is to find a balance between thinking andfeeling. This balance involves conveying your thoughts without letting the emotion behind the message take over.

有效的沟通涉及品种技能，包括非语言通信，积极的聆听，情感意识和管理压力的能力。可以通过口语，以及通过面部表情，手势，动作，姿势和触摸来实现通信。图片，图像和书面符号是通信的手段。无论方法，有效的沟通都可以帮助支持和改进关系，团队合作，决策和解决问题。据研究人员罗伯特·斯蒂尔曼和Ellin Siegel-Changy（1989），人们因不同的原因沟通：

• To affect another person’s behavior
• To offer information
• 传达思想和感受
• 为了与某人互动的纯粹社会理由

What are some reasonsyouengage in communication with other individuals in your daily life?

婴儿和幼儿的沟通看起来像什么？

Infants are born ready to interact and communicate! Even before they have the abilities and skills to interpret and speak words, they are attentive to sounds, facial expressions, and the world around them. For example, infants will gaze into the eyes of their caregivers and take their turn in a conversation, such as “cooing” back and forth. Infants are intentional about communication and able to communicate specific desires and needs. Their intentionality is seen through the use of gestures, eye contact, and persistent attempts to communicate a request, such as crying when hungry. Infants quickly realize that when they make a noise, people respond. When caregivers are consistently responsive to an infant’s cries, the infant begins to trust this means of communication because his needs are being met.

Infants also communicate with their caregivers through nonverbal engagement cues. Infants might communicate their desire to engage and stay engaged by reaching for a caregiver. Caregivers might see an infant’s eyes widen, a smile, or a turn of the head toward the caregiver. Infants also use disengagement cues to communicate that they are ready for a break from an interaction. Disengagement cues include whimpering, frowning, back arching, turning away, or an increase in the rate of sucking.

As infants grow older, they begin to babble and talk. They understand words used in combination with their caregiver’s gestures, tone and facial expressions. Close to 18 months of age, toddlers begin to use action words that express what they see or want, such as “me go,” or “boots on.” They also continue to physically express their needs and wants; what they do physically is just as important as what they actually say. “No,” and “mine,” are words toddlers use to assert themselves and take control over their world. Asserting independence is an early and important step toward becoming his or her own person. Toddlers are also experimenting with and beginning to learn the basics of grammar. For example, a 32-month-old might say, “I taked a nap today.” Toddlers can continue to understand how language works as their caregivers respond with the correct form, such as, “Oh, yes! You took a nap today. You were feeling quite sleepy.”

Learning to communicate and use language is one of children’s tasks during the first three years of life. As an infant and toddler caregiver, you play an important role in supporting the development of and the enjoyment in this process.

Relationships: How It All Happens

关系影响婴儿发展的所有领域，包括沟通。例如，它是通过关系，例如，婴儿和幼儿学会在哭泣时会发生什么，笑或吓到脸。通过这些一致，适当和个性敏感的互动，婴儿学会如何相信他们的照顾者，分享情绪，回应和规范强烈的情绪，并了解与某些情感相关的面部表情和语音（史密斯，2005）。婴幼儿基于从敏感的护理人员收到的一致和竞争护理，以及通过这些关系，他们学会了解他们的交际和社会互动的理解和建立技能。

See

Do

婴儿和幼儿观看并倾听周围的人。沟通和语言开发需要其他发展领域，例如视觉技能，思维技能和记忆，并且为其发展和学习提供了大大贡献。yabo电子游艺婴儿和幼儿学会不仅通过使用的单词沟通，而是通过你的事情以及如何做事，例如持有和对他们微笑。花点时间审查下面列出的策略，突出了支持婴儿和幼儿的沟通的方法：

• 触摸，搂抱，并唱歌给婴儿和幼儿
• Point to objects as you name them
• Hold and rock infants and toddlers to communicate reassurance and comfort
• 邀请婴儿和幼儿在唱歌和分享幼儿园押韵时发出声音。学习一些简单的押韵，如“HICKORY DICKORY DOCK”，“HUMPTY DUMPTY”，以及“嘿迪德斗”。唱出简单的运动歌曲，如“拍蛋糕”，“行，行，划船”，“在哪里是尖关？”，和“Itsy的斑点蜘蛛”。
• 扩展婴儿和幼儿使用的声音和单词;例如，如果一个幼儿说，“我回家”，你可能会说，“你想回家。在零食之后，爸爸将在这里接你回家。“

Completing this Course

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Communication & Language DevelopmentCompetency Reflection, and a list of the accompanying Learn, Explore and Apply resources and activities offered throughout the lessons, visit the Infant & Toddler Communication & Language DevelopmentCourse Guide.

Please note the References & Resources section at the end of each lesson outlines reference sources and resources to find additional information on the topics covered. As you complete lessons, you are not expected to review all the online references available. However, you are welcome to explore the resources further if you have interest, or at the request of your trainer, coach, or administrator.