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安全附件的重要性

第二次世界大战后，被约翰布比的名义的精神科医生被要求学习被无家可归和孤儿的儿童所经历的困难。由于这项工作，他开发了attachment theory。Attachment theory says that infants need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. This bond between the infant and the attachment figure (usually a caregiver) supports the infant's need for security. This is the reason that assigning infants and toddlers a primary caregiver when they are in early childhood programs is so important.

婴儿与对他们的人附加。婴儿基于这些反应开发模式，这些模式导致整个生活中使用的期望。作为一个例子，让我们考虑两个婴儿，体验非常不同。在她的母亲经历着延长的疾病时，Dara被各种家庭成员所关心。由于他们的时间表允许，她在每个家庭成员的房子里度过了一两个星期。一些看护人能够把她带到她的孩子的发展中心，有些看法没有。每个关心Dara的家庭成员都有不同的想法，了解最适合她。有时Dara从汽车座椅移动到地板到婴儿座椅，伴有成年人的互动。有时她很长一段时间哭泣，被给了一个瓶子来喂养自己。许多晚上，她坐在一个便携式婴儿床，电视上的漫画。 Although Dara has a caring family who are working together to care for her during a crisis, she is having experiences that could impact her development. How do you think Dara comes to think about the world and her place in it? What does she come to expect from adults and from her environment? How does she learn to interact with others? Now think about Damion. Damion spends his time in a variety of different settings, but his settings are very different from Dara's. Damien has a variety of safe spaces to play and explore: his home, his child development center, his babysitters' homes when his parents have extended missions or work hours, and his maternal grandparent's home. Adults in those settings talk to Damion throughout the day and respond quickly when he cries. Although he does not yet use words, they respond to his sounds by asking questions, making comments, or guessing his needs. He plays simple back-and-forth games while he and his caregivers giggle. What do you think Damien is learning about the world and about adults? Which child do you think will be more comfortable exploring the world around them?

虽然Dara和Damian可能会在生活中与重要的成年人发展安全的附着关系，但Damian的经验是为他提供一致的安全基础。婴儿需要成年人在身体上，情感和社会上为他们在那里。随着他们的附加，他们将其附件数字作为安全基地离开并回来。当一个孩子英寸到另一个孩子然后快速搬回照顾者时，这是一个安全附着的一个例子。随着时间的推移，他们将远离更长的时间，但仍将在视觉上检查，以确保护理人员在那里。这些关系给婴儿提供了积极发展所需的安全感。

跨年龄群体的关系

孩子需要哪些孩子，其中一个附件数据将随着时间的推移而变化。安全是婴儿的重点，所以他们需要你在那里。探索是预幼儿的重点，因此他们需要您为他们创建一个安全而有趣的环境。幼儿正在形成他们的身份，因此他们需要你设定积极的限制，并通过他们的挫折和分歧来帮助他们工作。

如果您在多龄课堂上教授，您的一天可能会像这样：6个月大的安娜最近一直不合适上市as her mother has been working unusually long hours and has been unable to care for her as she has in the past。作为她的主要照顾者，你知道住在附近，在哪里可以看到你的脸并听到你的声音，立即回复她的提示。您的课堂上有几个幼儿，他们很忙。他们特别喜欢倾倒东西，所以你有几个不同的尺寸浴缸，其中包含不同的纹理物品。他们喜欢当你承认他们的戏剧时。同时，近2½的弥迦需要你的支持，因为他试图让他的朋友做他想做的事;他需要你给他要使用而不是拳头的话。因为您已经单独了解每个孩子，因此您能够调整与他们的互动，反过来支持他们的发展和学习。yabo电子游艺每个孩子都需要你，每个孩子都需要以不同的方式需要你。

互动支持学习yabo电子游艺

婴儿和幼儿是在工作的科学家。他们是触摸，搬迁，探索，谈话，解决问题，数字，问题，互动和制作混乱的活跃学习者。这些小科学家需要你支持并增强他们的戏剧和身体上的戏剧和学习。yabo电子游艺您与儿童的互动需要支持和促进戏剧，探索和学习。yabo电子游艺

Verbal Interaction

当您单独了解每个孩子时，您将学会他们的发展和他们的兴趣很大。保持好奇，关于让每个孩子微笑，笑或似乎紧张，并使用自己的语言来描述你所注意到的。这将帮助您以支持认知发展的方式使用语言。以下是谈到言语互动时要记住的一些事情：

• 使用富含词汇和描述性语言的简单简单句子，对他们有意义。例如，“你在红色块的顶部堆叠了两个绿色块。”使用“堆叠”的单词而不是“放置”或“放置”介绍新语言;使用颜色名称强化颜色识别;使用“顶部”是一个定向词;数字“两个”支持数学概念;所有这些以适当的方式扩展学习。yabo电子游艺
• Converse and ask questions during play, learning, and care-giving routines. Infants and toddlers need help to understand the world around them. Talk and ask questions about what they are doing with a toy (pushing, pulling, twisting) or experiencing in an activity (dumping, sorting, identifying). This type of interaction teaches math and science concepts and boosts vocabulary in a natural way. Bathe infants and toddlers in language, but don't drown them in language. Take time to pause and notice what they are doing. Give them time to respond with their actions or words.
• Include a variety of words instead of using the same words all the time. A large vocabulary will help infants and toddlers become successful readers one day.
• Avoid the tendency to tell infants and toddlers what to do, what will happen, or what they are thinking. You may know what will happen when they pour sand through a sieve, but letting them figure it out allows learning to happen and encourages further learning. Telling them what will happen takes away that moment of discovery. A better option would be to ask what happened to the sand after it was poured into the sieve. Consider a few examples:

• Be patient after asking a question or making a statement. Allow infants and toddlers time to process what was said. Too many questions can impede the natural learning process.
• 回应婴儿和幼儿的提示。婴儿和幼儿提供了他们需要和想要的提示。响应的成年人对这些提示来说，满足他们的情感需求，让孩子知道他们很重要，让他们知道成年人在那里支持他们。请记住，尊重响应提示也意味着您尊重婴儿和幼儿不想从事互动。瞥了一眼你的婴儿或幼儿，倾向于你，兴奋地跳舞，或者以其他方式表现出兴趣可能渴望与你互动。专注于婴儿或幼儿（例如，填充和清空容器，试图在盒子等上拿一个盖子），让她回到你身边，或者看着别处可能对现在互动的不太感兴趣。你可以轻轻描述孩子在做什么，但打断孩子并强迫自己的想法可能会造成他们的学习。yabo电子游艺

身体互动

Playing with infants and toddlers, letting them take the lead, and being involved in their routines will strengthen your relationship with them. Allow them the supervised freedom to choose what, where, and whom they want to play with. This builds their independence and social skills and supports creativity.

婴儿和幼儿需要你与他们互动。他们渴望人类的互动。他们渴望在游戏和学习期间互动的互动量和类型将在婴儿和幼儿中不同，以及他们参与的经验类型。始终可用。yabo电子游艺

Watch for cues that infants and toddlers want or need you. Be careful not to focus on just one infant or toddler or group of infants and toddlers to the extent that you may be missing cues from other infants and toddlers.

让婴儿和幼儿在戏剧中取得领先地位。一些成年人可能难以遵循儿童LED游戏。我们知道材料如何工作以及通常在一起的内容;我们解决问题并迅速完成。但这是过程，而不仅仅是最终结果，在学习发生。yabo电子游艺

有些挣扎在玩耍和学习好。yabo电子游艺广告ults typically like to make things easier for infants and toddlers: we don't want them to get frustrated or watch them struggle, especially when we can solve the problem. Allowing infants and toddlers to struggle gives them time to solve the problem, builds self-confidence, and supports task persistence. Be sure to step in, though, if a child's struggle escalates to the point it becomes a negative situation.

You enrich play and learning through interactions. Following the lead of infants and toddlers during play does not mean you are a passive participant. Your questions and actions spur their curiosity, which leads to sustained engagement, which leads to new learning opportunities.

The Role of Culture in Interactions

了解本课程中“文化”一词的含义很重要。这个词对不同的人有不同的含义。对于本课，我们依靠DOGE，COLKER和HEROMON，他们写道，“文化涉及习惯性信仰，价值观和实践人员从家人和社区学习。”

Everyone has a culture. It influences how we communicate, how we interact, how we interpret what people do and say; it even shapes our expectations. Culture plays a large role in child rearing.

考虑您每人每人的所有互动，每个家庭，每个孩子，共同教师，计划人员和导演都有。每个人都有文化。因此，每天，您都与许多人互动，包括婴儿和幼儿，他们拥有自己的价值观，信仰和实践。而且，你有自己的文化。考虑到这是很多，但您需要确保您的互动尊重每个婴儿和幼儿的文化。

允许负面偏见影响您作为教师的职责可能会对您委托照顾的婴儿和幼儿的发展产生负面影响。在促进思维技能，探索和解决问题时，教师们当他们对女孩玩具和女孩玩具玩具时，教师可能会弄脏的准则，但女孩需要为女孩和男孩的街区保持清洁，戏剧性的戏剧性。这些是性别偏见的例子;其他偏见涉及种族，种族，语言和特殊需求。对自己的偏见的认识是通过防止这些偏差从影响婴儿和幼儿的发展来支持认知发展的第一步。

在文化相关的时候，请记住以下内容：

• Infants and toddlers need to learn about their world and their community. Their community includes their families, you and their other caregivers, and their immediate surroundings.
• 婴儿在护理惯例期间特别敏感。例如，如果您对他们的父母响应哭泣需要更长时间的影响，它们会受到影响，或者如果在家里的尿布在家里改变了很多差异，以及他们如何改变你。
• 通过学习来自孩子的母语的几句话来支持家庭语言，以帮助他们感yabo电子游艺到更舒服。年轻的婴儿对你的声音和触摸更感兴趣，而幼儿也将对书籍和音乐感兴趣。
• 保持与家庭的开放式沟通，以了解您提供的内容，以支持他们的孩子的认知发展。

Infants' and toddlers' families are their first teachers, and their family's culture is integral to their development. When you offer culturally relevant experiences on a daily basis that are based on their real life experiences you are supporting their cognitive development.

看

在以下视频剪辑中，观察教师的口头和身体互动。特别注意互动类型，儿童提示以及教师的互动如何导致持续参与并扩大他们的学习。yabo电子游艺

支持认知发展：互动

Do

作为婴儿和幼儿老师，做以下事项来促进认知发展：

• 留在此刻，注意您所说的，这样您就可以延长学习机会。yabo电子游艺
• 使用口头和物理相互作用来充分利用每一刻支持发展和学习。yabo电子游艺
• 制定能够阅读提示以调整相互作用以适当满足婴儿和幼儿的个人需求。
• Reflect on your verbal and physical interactions to inform what you might want to repeat or change.
• 通过提出问题和倾听文化线索来了解每个家庭，并根据他们的偏好计划经验。
• Display and use items from families, such as mounting family photographs within an infant's and toddler's sight and reach.
• 包括婴儿和幼儿的音乐来玩，舞蹈，唱歌，并唱着它们，包括可能在他们家庭语言或在家庭环境中播放的音乐。这可能包括国家，爵士乐和古典。和婴儿或幼儿一起唱歌和跳舞。
• 允许自愿参与活动，尊重并非所有婴儿和幼儿相同的事实。
• 使用日常观察来更好地了解您在照顾的婴儿和幼儿的学习，以满足他们的个人需求。yabo电子游艺