One theme throughout this course is that sexual development and behavior is not black-and-white. As discussed in Lesson One, sexual development is made up of many parts, and many factors influence those parts. This makes it challenging to place behavior into a single category, including even normative behavior. Use the information you learn about normative sexual development and behavior as guidelines rather than hard and fast rules. Remember that normative sexual behavior in children is typical and follows a developmental sequence but also varies depending on the child.

知道

规范性发育和性行为

身体接触、探索和游戏是人类学会与他人和自己建立关系的一些方式。新生儿被照顾者的抚摸抚慰。抱、摇、喂、换都是身体接触的例子，有助于照顾者和婴儿建立联系。当他们变得更加警觉和他们的动作成熟，婴儿学会用手来安抚自己的嘴，最终将探索自己的身体踢，伸手，滚动。许多婴儿会发现自己的生殖器，抚摸私人部位往往是护理人员观察到的儿童的第一性行为之一。“私处”一词用来指生殖器、乳房、臀部或通常被泳衣覆盖的身体部位。虽然触摸生殖器被认为是一种性行为，因为它涉及我们认为隐私的身体部位或话题，但重要的是你要从孩子的角度来看待行为。随着孩子们的成长，他们对什么是性的理解也在增长，我们必须记住，不要把我们在孩子身上观察到的行为性化，或赋予不必要的性意义。抚摸生殖器的婴儿知道，当他们移动和触摸身体部位时，他们会体验到愉悦的感觉；这是一种探索性的、规范性的性行为。你可能会看到规范性行为被称为“性游戏”，由于好奇和无辜的性质。复习以下信息，了解处于不同发育阶段的儿童的规范性发育和行为的其他例子。

您对上述规范性行为例子的思考是什么？在照顾儿童时，您是否观察过这些行为？让我们参加一个列出的例子，一个喜欢裸体的幼儿，并从孩子的镜头上思考这一点。把衣服脱落的幼儿可能享受不受服装限制的自由。为了使你想要避免的这种行为，将假设孩子脱掉衣服，所以其他人会看着他们的身体。然而，这个发展阶段的儿童对尸体与性别和吸引力有关的理解非常有限，而是这种幼儿的规范性行为与探索裸体的感觉有关。当您在儿童中观察性行为时，您必须考虑许多因素的课程。请注意，某些儿童未包含在上述信息中的规范行为。

这lines between expected ages for normative sexual behavior can be unclear and are influenced by children’s family experiences. For example, some mothers choose to extend breastfeeding well beyond infancy and toddlerhood. It may be normative for a child who breastfeeds through their preschool or early elementary years to continue to nestle with and touch their mother’s breasts beyond the age of 6. Another way that families’ affect sexual knowledge is through their children’s media exposure. It is common for some families to have the television or electronic devices on throughout the day, with varying levels of awareness and supervision regarding the content. Very young children who have viewed or heard adult media content may have somewhat more advanced knowledge of sex and adult relationships. You might see a toddler with such a family environment imitate “romantically” kissing and fondling a doll. This child may not understand the meaning of these behaviors, rather they simply mimic what they have seen at home.

对性行为的反应：在那一刻

In Lesson One, you were able to reflect on any discomfort you may have about childhood sexual development and behavior. Remember, it can take time to learn information and implement new practices. Even for professionals with knowledge and experience with children’s sexual behavior, it is common to respond to children’s sexual behaviors by panicking or becoming flustered. Although sexual behavior is typical, and most of what you will likely observe in children is normative, it is still important to teach children boundaries and provide support. Review these guidelines for how to respond to children’s sexual behaviorin the moment.

1. Pause

   • Remain calm
   • 收集你的想法

2. 重定向

   • Change the routine or environment
   • 建议其他活动

3. Listen

   • Find out information
   • 从孩子的角度明白

4. Teach

   • Communicate expectations and rules
   • 加强适当的行为

对性行为的反应：事后

一旦你观察到并回应了孩子们的性行为，你就会采取更多的后续措施。再说一次，孩子的性行为不是黑白分明的，你可能需要时间来处理发生的事情和你的反应。在这些步骤中与同事一起工作，这样你就知道你正在以一种最能支持孩子的方式前进。

1. 反映

   • Consider all known information
   • 确定行为类型

2. Prepare

   • 知道如何回应：暂停,重定向,听，和teach，将来

3. Communicate

   • Communicate with the teaching team
   • Determine communication with families

See

Though what is normative versus non-normative is not always clear, some sexual behaviors are commonly observed in children and youth. Listen as an expert describes normative sexual behaviors you can expect to see in children and youth at different developmental stages. Have you observed any of these behaviors in children or youth in your program?

规范性行为

Do

促进健康的性发展，防止性行为挑战

促进和预防是你在整个虚拟实验学校看到的术语，特别是在支持具有挑战性行为主题的儿童课程和积极指导基础课程中。这些原则同yabo11vip样适用于性发育和性行为。你可以通过让孩子了解他们的身体、权利和安全行yabo11vip为来促进健康的性发展和预防性行为挑战。回顾下面的建议，反思你可能已经在做这些事情，以及是否有新的想法你计划实施。

Infants and Toddlers

• Teach parts of the body using correct terminology (“private parts” and “bottom” are OK at this age).
• 对孩子对身体接触的偏好做出反应。不要强迫拥抱、亲吻或牵手（除非出于安全需要）。
• Label and teach “safe touch” (e.g., high fives, fist bumps, help with putting shoes on) and “unsafe touch” (hitting, pushing, biting, touching private parts).
• 用儿童友好的语言标注儿童对触摸的反应。”当你推布里亚时，她看起来很伤心。”
• 在尿布和厕所训练时使用发育适当的语言。“我们擦拭你的底部以保持清洁。”
• 提供简单的规则。“我们keep our private parts covered.” “We don’t touch others’ private parts.”
• 视线监督。
• Your body is special and it is yours.
• 有关家庭的性发展和行为的可用信息。

Preschoolers

• 用正确的术语教授身体部位。
• 回答有关身体和生命周期的问题时，请给出简单、适合发展的答案。”你阴茎上的洞就是你的尿道。“我衬衫下的肿块就是我的乳房。”“婴儿在母亲体内生长。”
• 我们的身体随着我们的成长而变化，我们的身体都不同。
• 继续教授和标签“安全触摸”和“不安全的触摸”。
• Teach children to ask permission, even when using safe touch. “Can I hold your hand?”
• Teach children to read each other's cues and healthy ways to express emotions. “How did Leah feel when you put your hands on her legs?”
• Teach children the characteristics of friendship and respect (beginning anti-bullying concepts).
• Teach personal space using simple language, “bubble” or “Hula Hoop.”
• Continue with simple rules, such as: “We keep our private parts covered,” or “We don’t touch others’ private parts,” or “No one should see your private parts unless you need help keeping your body clean,” or “No one should touch you in ways that make you feel sad or hurt.”
• “Private” is when you are alone and “public” is when you are with other people.
• 教孩子们在给别人拍照或录像之前先征得许可。
• 教导孩子们在别人给他们拍照或录像之前，他们应该给予许可。
• It is OK to touch your private parts when you are alone.
• 视线监督。
• Your body is special and it is yours.
• 有关家庭的性发展和行为的可用信息。

School-Age

• Provide accurate information about puberty, reproduction, and the life cycle.
• 使用准确的信息来回答有关性和性健康的问题。
• 教导儿童和青少年征求许可，即使是在使用可接受的触摸方式时。
• Teach children and youth to read each other’s cues and respectfully disagree on opinions and preferences while maintaining relationships and friendships.
• Reinforce ways to treat yourself and others with respect and dignity.
• 告知儿童和青少年，如果他们有私人问题或顾虑，可以与项目工作人员交谈。
• 围绕个人空间、隐私、约会和感情迹象以及技术的使用制定明确的规则。
• 强调儿童和青少年在为他人拍照或录像之前，应先征得许可。
• Reinforce that children and youth should give permission before others take any pictures or video of them.
• 教导儿童和青年来预防，认识，并回应欺凌。
• 介绍性骚扰的概念。
• 教导儿童和青少年有关各种虐待的知识。
• 手淫是正常和健康的，而是私人活动。
• 视线监督。
• Have female hygiene products available (average onset of menstruation in the U.S. is 12 years).
• 有关家庭，儿童和青年的性发展和性健康的易于提供的信息。