知道

正如我们对生活的看法，我们倾向于对我们作为一个人以及我们处于特定角色的人（例如，作为一个家庭成员，作为工人等）的想法或问题。花点时间击败一些描述你所在的人的几句话或短语。

How did you describe yourself? Funny? Smart? Emotional? Energetic? Tall? Brown-eyed? Some of your responses likely reflect personality traits and some may be physical traits. You may have responded with reference to the many roles you assume in a day, such as mother or father, daughter or son, provider, friend, community member. Your interactions with other individuals may also shape how you define yourself.All您的描述提供了窗户进入自我感觉。

This course will help you better understand the concept of self and how it relates to your own competence, confidence, and well-being. This course will also help you learn how a sense of self develops for children and what that means to you as a family child care provider.

What is a Sense of Self?

据Mark Ylvisaker（2006年）的研究人员来说，我们的自我意识包括我们认为对自己最重要的作用，属性，行为和关联。有助于发展我们的人的例子可以包括我们的职业，爱好，隶属关系，能力，人格特征和精神信仰。我们如何识别以及我们对自己的感受如何主要是我们环境和立即环境的结果。例如，如果您是令人鼓舞或培育环境的成员，则更有可能在您的能力中留下接受和自信。但是，如果您是一个不支持或负面环境的一部分，您可能难以发现您是谁是由于缺乏接受和鼓励来探索您的兴趣和积极的属性。想想一个你知道谁对他或她执行特定任务或技能的能力充满信心。此个人机会已获得积极的反馈和其他人的支持，这有助于进一步发展这些技能并培养身份感。

随着我们的成长和成熟，我们的身份也可以根据时间和地点改变。关系，父母身份和生活事件可以帮助塑造我们的身份。回想一下十年前你是谁。你现在觉得同一个人吗？无论您是19到59十年前，您是否可能以某种方式改变了您的概念。也许你已经完成了像赚取学位或开始家庭一样的主要目标，这些事件改变了你如何看待自己。也许像关心老龄父母或结束长期关系一样的经历呼吁你认为你对自己所知的问题。

Your interactions with others can also shape your sense of self. For example, if your family praises your cooking ability, you may come to believe that you are a good cook. However, if you were to enroll in a cooking class, your perception of your abilities may change when you are in the company of others with more advanced culinary talents. In this example, your sense of self was altered, though your ability to cook remained the same. Your sense of self was not judged to be true or false, but rather good enough or not good enough because of the situation. If you truly enjoy cooking, though, and gain joy from it regardless of who else is in your presence, you are less likely to need encouragement from others because you are motivated from within.

一种自我意识包括孩子的自尊，自我价值，身份和自我形象。这是孩子们看到自己，他们的经历，环境以及他们对自己的感受的组合。对于孩子来说，自我意识与他们的发展身份相关联，这与他们的家人越来越独立。

沟通障碍的研究员Mark Ylvisaker已经确定了七项经验，这有助于积极和生产性的自我意识：

什么是自我概念？

“As children develop an appreciation of their inner mental world, they think more intently about themselves. During early childhood, ... children begin to construct a self-concept which is the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is” (Berk, 2003, p. 444).

当你想到自己的生活时，你可能会记得特定时间，当你意识到加强自己的自我概念的特定情况时。也许在学校或体育活动期间，戏剧或音乐表现，或者另一个活动当你意识到你已经完成了一个你自己所设定的目标（独自或与他人）。实现目标和完成所需的任务，要求您超越您的舒适区帮助您开发了积极的自我概念。在您的生活中与关怀成人（例如，父母，祖父母，幼儿提供者，教师，教练等）的关系培养了您的自我概念，因为您了解了您的独特能力，礼品和才能。多种因素，包括文化背景，经验，以及最重要的是，与成年人和同行的关系影响了孩子的自我概念的发展。就像你自己的经验和与家庭成员和同行的早期关系一样影响了你的自我概念的发展，所以，您也可以创造积极的经验，帮助孩子在您的照顾中了解自己。

婴儿和幼儿的自我意味着什么？

The dance that plays out between parents and infants that begins at birth provides young children with an understanding of who they are, how they fit in the world, and what they can expect from those nearby. These early experiences come to shape what child psychologist John Bowlby refers to as the “internal working model.” Bowlby, who is best known for developing attachment theory, argued that infants develop an internal working model through attachment with a primary caregiver. The internal working model provides a framework for understanding and approaching ongoing relationships and an understanding of self and others. Through safe, nurturing and responsive relationships, an infant may develop a sense of self and self-confidence that says, “I matter,” “I am deserving,” “I can make things happen.” In contrast, with unpredictable, less-responsive early interactions, an infant may come to feel fearful and anxious while seeing the world as unsafe.

凭借对敏感成年人的照顾和有限的口头沟通技巧，婴儿难以识别和描述他们如何看待自己。According to behavioral scientist John Santrock: “Late in the second year and early in the third year, toddlers show other emerging forms of self-awareness that reflect a sense of ‘me.’ For example, they refer to themselves by saying “Me big”; they label internal experiences such as emotions; they monitor themselves, as when a toddler says, “Do it myself”; and they say that things are theirs” (Santrock, 2008).

学龄前儿童自我意味着什么？亚慱彩票

根据社会学家Viktor Gecas（1982年），成年人能够以众多维度观察自己的尺寸，并且可以详细描述自己的能力和价值在这些维度内。但幼儿仍在发展，他们的自我意识并不像成年人那样复杂或成立。

Preschoolers are just beginning to understand their own unique characteristics and their place in the world. They view themselves in broad terms across a few dimensions, specifically, physical terms (Marshall, 1989), physical abilities, academic abilities, social competence, and social acceptance (Marsh, 2002; Measelle, 1998). When asked to describe themselves they will most often reply with physical actions such as, “I can run fast” and “I am a big kid. I can go potty all by myself” or physical traits such as “I am a girl and I have brown hair.” Occasionally preschoolers may go on to list their likes and dislikes (Marshall, 1989). Preschoolers see themselves and others in a “this or that” perspective, such as entirely good or bad and do not understand a person may be both at the same time.

早年发生的经验为个人的自我感，奠定了基础，一旦建立了感知，它就会持久（Marsh，2002）。儿童促使他们的经验使他们能够认为自己的良好或能力，可能会在整个生活中携带这种信心，而一贯在生活中始终感受到糟糕或无能为力的儿童可能会难以看到自己以后的任何其他事情。

学龄儿童自卑感是什么？

对于年龄较大的孩子，多年的生活经历积累了塑造明显，坚定的和现实的自我意识。随着学龄儿童的成长和发展到青少年，他们的自我意识将变得复杂，并在成年期间越来越建立。

根据Erikson的心理社会阶段理论，学龄儿童的发展目标是履行能力感。年龄在5和12岁之间，儿童根据他们的生命或自己的重要人物的表现和掌握能力的能力来塑造自己的自我感。

与孩子的自我意识，通常从家庭成员开始，以及后来在内的教师和同龄人的重大关系将产生最大的影响。教师可能是第一个影响孩子如何感受到他或她的学术能力的人。提供者可以对孩子互相互动的影响巨大影响。

What is Resilience?

According to Michele Tugade and Barbara Fredrickson (2004), there are individuals who seem to bounce back from negative events quite effectively, whereas others are caught in a rut, seemingly unable to get out of their struggling and negative streaks. Being able to move on despite negative stressors demonstrates a concept known as resilience. Someone who is said to be resilient is effective at coping and adapting even when faced with loss, hardship, or adversity. That is not to say that they are blind to negativity or do not experience high levels of anxiety and frustration. Instead, someone who is resilient chooses to focus on positive aspects and emotions of the situation at a greater rate.

每个孩子都有机会制定和增强个人特征和其他强度，充当保护因素或帮助造成不幸和变革的保护障碍。这些保护因素是在与关怀成人的重要，安全和反应关系的背景下制定的。他们也可以通过儿童在娱乐和生活中的环境中找到的保护区因子加强，以及孩子。每个人的自我保护因素与自我和社会和情感福祉的发展密切相关。

What Role does Culture Play?

Culture helps define how individuals see themselves and how they relate to others. Remember that individuals differ in many ways: language diversity, cultural diversity, gender diversity, religious diversity, and economic diversity (Selmi, Gallagher, & Mora-Flores, 2015). All of these aspects of diversity work together to form a sense of self.

尊重他人的文化并承认并理解个人可能不会以同样的方式发展自我意识。一个家庭的文化价值观塑造了一个孩子的自我概念的发展：文化形状我们如何看到自己和他人。例如，一些文化更喜欢儿童在成年人周围安静而尊重。这并不意味着一个安静的孩子缺乏自信心。重要的是要记住，并非所有家庭都强化了各个主义，竞争和自信的主流文化价值。

儿童学习和吸收的故事告诉to them, which often emphasize a family’s values and affect a child’s self-concept. As children grow older and attend school and spend leisure time with their peers, they learn that others may not have the same values as their family. For instance, a family may value academics over playing sports while another family may value the arts and playing a musical instrument. Each family influences a child’s self-concept within their cultural context. Young children may describe themselves based on their family’s values. For example, a young child from a culture that stresses fitting in with others as a strong value may describe herself or himself as “kind” while another child from a culture that stresses individualism may describe herself or himself as “a good runner.” As a family child care provider, you assume the important role of nurturing young children’s sense of self, and you must carefully observe and listen to each child.

Two of the most studied aspects of culture related to the sense of self are independence and interdependence. Independence views individuals as separate from one another, and ideas such as self-esteem, individual choices, and assertiveness are valued. Interdependence means more value is placed on the group, and ideas like conformity, concern for others, and group decision-making are valued. Children come from families and cultures that value independence and interdependence in different ways at different times.

According to developmental psychologist Catherine Raeff (2010), culture can influence how you and the families you serve view:

• Relationships：Culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty-based. This influences how adults encourage children to form relationships: Do they choose whom to play with, or are children encouraged to play in certain ways to promote group welfare?
• 人格特质：Culture influences whether and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others.
• Achievement：文化影响您如何定义成功以及是否重视某些类型的个人和团体成就。
• 表达情绪：文化影响如何以及您是否考虑感受公共或私人。

花一点时间来反思你的文化对自己感受的影响。这可能如何影响您在家庭儿童保育计划中的教学哲学和期望？亚慱彩票APP

这对你意味着什么？

作为家庭护亚慱彩票APP理提供者，您可能会遇到来自各种背景和生活经验的儿童和家庭成员。重要的是要了解文化对身份的影响力的复杂性，但了解个人差异也很重要。例如，一生的父母终生鼓励，赞美和支持可能是一个非常不同的育儿风格或需要批评，自我怀疑和孤立的父母。一位父母可以识别和庆祝年轻的孩子的日益增长的能力，所有她或他都能做到，而另一个父母可以选择接受孩子已经能够做的任务。根据幼儿经历这些不同方法的频率，他或她可能会怀疑他或她控制和影响他或她的世界的能力。作为家庭幼亚慱彩票APP儿提供者，您需要能够提供幼儿及其家人，并在文化和发展敏感的敏感性注意力，帮助他们在现在和未来几年中成功。

看

Watch this video as family child care providers reflect on their own and sense of self and the importance of self-understanding for children.

自我感：介绍

Do

作为家庭护亚慱彩票APP理提供者，您可以在帮助儿童培养一种自我意识中发挥重要作用。孩子们向培育和支持成年人学习，鼓励他们探索他们的环境并成长。以下是您可以做些什么来促进孩子的发展自我意识：

• Establish and nurture a sense of community in your program.
• Respond to young children’s comments, questions, feelings, or concerns.
• 承认和展示幼儿发现的兴奋。
• Be sensitive to children’s unique backgrounds and needs.

Reach out to families of children in your program and learn about their lives.

完成本课程

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Self & Cultural Understanding能力反思那and a list of the accompanying Learn, Explore and Apply resources and activities offered throughout the lessons, visit the Family Child Care Self & Cultural Understanding课程指南。

请注意，每个课程结束时的引用和资源部分概述了参考源和资源，以查找有关所涵盖主题的其他信息。当您完成课程时，您预计不会审查所有可用的在线参考。但是，欢迎您进一步探索资源，如果您有兴趣或培训师，教练或管理员的要求进一步探索资源。