Examples of Physical Development Milestones – Infants and Toddlers

2Months

• Holds head up with support
• Begins to push up when lying on tummy
• 用胳膊和腿做出更平滑的运动

4.Months

• Holds head steady without support
• 当脚在硬表面上时，向下推
• Rolls over from tummy to back
• 持有和摇动玩具，在悬空玩具上摇摆
• 带走手到嘴巴
• 躺在肚子上时，推高肘部

6个月

• 从胃部滚动到胃部，从回到胃
• Begins to sit with support
• 站立时支持腿上的重量，可能会反弹
• 岩石来回摇滚，有时在向前移动之前爬行

9个月

• Crawls
• Sits without support
• Moves into sitting position with support
• 站立，坚持成人或家具
• 拉起

1Year

• 在没有支持的情况下进入坐姿
• Pulls up to stand and walks alone while holding onto furniture
• Takes few steps without support of adult or furniture
• 独自站立

18个月

• Walks alone
• Runs
• Pulls toys while walking
• 帮助脱衣服自我
• 杯杯
• Eats with a spoon

2年

• 开始运行
• 从没有支持的家具上爬上和下来
• 在坚持支持时走上下步长
• 劳动球劳累
• 绘制或复制直线和圆圈
• 站在脚尖上
• Kicks a ball

Keep in mind that the milestones above are simply the average ages at which specific development is observed.

婴儿或幼儿必须存在某些条件以增长和发展。幼儿的基本需求或物理需求包括：

• Food (nutritious and age-appropriate)
• Shelter (protection from harm)
• Warmth
• Clean air and environment
• 健康和牙科护理
• 活动和休息

我们也知道，我们提出的人的方式对我们对儿童发展的理解以及如何在发展中的发展方面的理解是重要的。我们的家庭和文化所持的价值观和信仰有助于我们对增长和发展的了解。

文化影响我们如何看待和解释行为和发展

Because culture shapes so many parts of an infant’s and toddler’s development, you must understand the practices, beliefs, and values of the families you support. Without this understanding, it is difficult to interpret the infant’s or toddler’s behaviors and development. For example, you may believe it is important to help toddlers learn to become independent and begin to feed themselves using fine-motor skills. A family, however, may not view independence as important because they believe it is more valuable to depend upon one another.

Other influences on infant and toddler physical growth and development are:

• 产前护理和发展，包括遗传遗传，家庭模式，接触毒品和酒精，出生经验
• 早产儿（发育38周之前出生）和低出生体重，这可能会带来呼吸困难，视觉问题和喂养和消化问题
• 气质，或婴儿或幼儿的方式接近他或她的世界
• Family’s composition, lifestyle, level of education, and housing
• Maturation, or the sequence of biological elements that reflect a pattern of growth and development
• Developmental delays or special needs, including health concerns

You can also review the handout,婴儿和幼儿体育发展（在下面学习附件）以了解有关物理开发中的重要里程碑和婴幼儿和幼儿体育发展率的变化。

大脑在体育发展中的作用

您可以轻松地观察婴儿与他们的身体进行动作并炼制他们的身体技能。由于研究和技术的进步，我们现在也可以看到大脑如何变化，随着幼儿的发展而变化。在出生时，大脑是其成人大小的25％，并且5岁，它达到成年大小的90％。婴儿和幼儿的早期互动和经验有助于他们对世界的意义并形成大脑不同部分之间的联系。

These supportive experiences and connections help improve coordination and strengthen muscles. Research tells us that as infants repeat and practice different movements, such as turning their heads or reaching for an object, they are building and maintaining connections between brain cells. The brain is busy making sense of the experience.

对于婴儿和幼儿来说，很重要，为这些新的经历有时间，并探索他们周围的世界，一个值得信赖和照顾的成人照顾者。重复探索的经验有助于婴儿和幼儿了解他们可以信任您，同时确保他们的大脑专注于学习，开发和建立联系。yabo电子游艺如果婴儿和幼儿没有培育和响应的成年人来帮助他们保持安全，他们的大脑将本能地关注生存，并且他们将有利于创造和加强进一步技能发展的联系，包括物理增长。

支持ing Physical Development for All Learners

身体发育,包括,fine-mo总值tor skills, consumes the interest of infants and toddlers as they practice learned skills and look to develop new ones. Healthy physical development is dependent upon several things: nutrition, development of the brain, central nervous system, muscles, and bones, and the interactions and experiences that are offered to infants and toddlers. By recognizing developmental delays during infancy or toddlerhood, early intervention may be more effective than if the delays were not acknowledged until childhood. Below are some characteristics of possible physical concerns or developmental alerts:

物理开发延误可能会影响毛重和精细运动技能。例如，如果婴儿无法对她或他的父母微笑或抬起她或他的手臂被接收，这可能会影响建设的社会和情感发展。

如果您涉及婴儿或幼儿的物理发展，请务必与孩子的父母交谈。他们可能希望与孩子的医疗保健提供者分享您的疑虑。

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婴儿和幼儿的身体发展

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How can you make sure you are providing age-appropriate experiences to support infant and toddler physical development? Take a moment to read and review the sets of guidelines on the following webpage from SHAPE America (Society of Health and Physical Educators, formerly known as the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, or NASPE):https://www.shapeamerica.org/standards/guidelines/activestart.aspx. Next, try one or more of the following activities with the infants or toddlers in your care:

• When an infant is awake and active, offer tummy time — lay the baby on the floor on his or her tummy while you interact with the infant. Remember, never leave an infant alone when they are on their stomach.
• Hold an infant or dance with a toddler to music. Toddlers can also swing colorful scarves in the air, dance or play maracas while the music is playing.
• 提供手指和其他运动经验，其中移动婴儿和幼儿可以使用他们的身体。
• Have toddlers experience kicking, catching, rolling, and bouncing balls.
• Encourage toddlers to scribble on paper with crayons.

把日常物理游戏融入日常routines. Infants and toddlers enjoy being active!