Examples of Physical Development Milestones – Infants and Toddlers

2 Months

• Holds head up with support
• Begins to push up when lying on tummy
• 用胳膊和腿做出更平滑的运动

4 Months

• Holds head steady without support
• Pushes down on legs when feet are on a hard surface
• Rolls over from tummy to back
• Holds and shakes toys, swings at dangling toys
• 带走手到嘴巴
• 躺在肚子上时，推高肘部

6个月

• Rolls over both from stomach to back and from back to stomach
• Begins to sit with support
• 站立时支持腿上的重量，可能会反弹
• 岩石来回摇滚，有时在向前移动之前爬行

9 Months

• Crawls
• Sits without support
• Moves into sitting position with support
• 站立，坚持成人或家具
• Pulls to stand

1 Year

• Moves into sitting position without support
• Pulls up to stand and walks alone while holding onto furniture
• Takes few steps without support of adult or furniture
• 独自站立

18个月

• Walks alone
• Runs
• Pulls toys while walking
• 帮助脱衣服自我
• 杯杯
• Eats with a spoon

2年

• Begins to run
• Climbs onto and down from furniture without support
• Walks up and down steps while holding on for support
• 劳动球劳累
• Draws or copies straight lines and circles
• 站在脚尖上
• Kicks a ball

Keep in mind that the milestones above are simply the average ages at which specific development is observed.

婴儿或幼儿必须存在某些条件以增长和发展。幼儿的基本需求或物理需求包括：

• Food (nutritious and age-appropriate)
• Shelter (protection from harm)
• Warmth
• Clean air and environment
• Health and dental care
• 活动和休息

我们也知道，我们提出的人的方式对我们对儿童发展的理解以及如何在发展中的发展方面的理解是重要的。我们的家庭和文化所持的价值观和信仰有助于我们对增长和发展的了解。

文化影响我们如何看待和解释行为和发展

Because culture shapes so many parts of an infant’s and toddler’s development, you must understand the practices, beliefs, and values of the families you support. Without this understanding, it is difficult to interpret the infant’s or toddler’s behaviors and development. For example, you may believe it is important to help toddlers learn to become independent and begin to feed themselves using fine-motor skills. A family, however, may not view independence as important because they believe it is more valuable to depend upon one another.

Other influences on infant and toddler physical growth and development are:

• 产前护理和发展，包括遗传遗传，家庭模式，接触毒品和酒精，出生经验
• 早产儿（发育38周之前出生）和低出生体重，这可能会带来呼吸困难，视觉问题和喂养和消化问题
• 气质，或婴儿或幼儿的方式接近他或她的世界
• Family’s composition, lifestyle, level of education, and housing
• Maturation, or the sequence of biological elements that reflect a pattern of growth and development
• Developmental delays or special needs, including health concerns

You can also review the handout,婴儿和幼儿体育发展(Learn attachment below) to learn more about important milestones in physical development and variations in timing and rate of physical development for infants and toddlers.

大脑在体育发展中的作用

You can easily observe infants making movements with their bodies and refining their physical skills. Thanks to advances in research and technology, we can now also see how the brain changes and grows as young children develop. At birth, the brain is 25 percent of its adult size, and by age 5, it reaches 90 percent of adult size. Early-life interactions and experiences of infants and toddlers help them make sense of the world and form connections between different parts of the brain.

These supportive experiences and connections help improve coordination and strengthen muscles. Research tells us that as infants repeat and practice different movements, such as turning their heads or reaching for an object, they are building and maintaining connections between brain cells. The brain is busy making sense of the experience.

对于婴儿和幼儿来说，很重要，为这些新的经历有时间，并探索他们周围的世界，一个值得信赖和照顾的成人照顾者。重复探索的经验有助于婴儿和幼儿了解他们可以信任您，同时确保他们的大脑专注于学习，开发和建立联系。yabo电子游艺如果婴儿和幼儿没有培育和响应的成年人来帮助他们保持安全，他们的大脑将本能地关注生存，并且他们将有利于创造和加强进一步技能发展的联系，包括物理增长。

支持ing Physical Development for All Learners

身体发育,包括,fine-mo总值tor skills, consumes the interest of infants and toddlers as they practice learned skills and look to develop new ones. Healthy physical development is dependent upon several things: nutrition, development of the brain, central nervous system, muscles, and bones, and the interactions and experiences that are offered to infants and toddlers. By recognizing developmental delays during infancy or toddlerhood, early intervention may be more effective than if the delays were not acknowledged until childhood. Below are some characteristics of possible physical concerns or developmental alerts:

物理开发延误可能会影响毛重和精细运动技能。例如，如果婴儿无法对她或他的父母微笑或抬起她或他的手臂被接收，这可能会影响建设的社会和情感发展。

如果您涉及婴儿或幼儿的物理发展，请务必与孩子的父母交谈。他们可能希望与孩子的医疗保健提供者分享您的疑虑。

See

婴儿和幼儿的身体发展

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How can you make sure you are providing age-appropriate experiences to support infant and toddler physical development? Take a moment to read and review the sets of guidelines on the following webpage from SHAPE America (Society of Health and Physical Educators, formerly known as the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, or NASPE):https://www.shapeamerica.org/standards/guidelines/activestart.aspx. Next, try one or more of the following activities with the infants or toddlers in your care:

• When an infant is awake and active, offer tummy time — lay the baby on the floor on his or her tummy while you interact with the infant. Remember, never leave an infant alone when they are on their stomach.
• Hold an infant or dance with a toddler to music. Toddlers can also swing colorful scarves in the air, dance or play maracas while the music is playing.
• 提供手指和其他运动经验，其中移动婴儿和幼儿可以使用他们的身体。
• Have toddlers experience kicking, catching, rolling, and bouncing balls.
• Encourage toddlers to scribble on paper with crayons.

Incorporate daily physical play into your daily routines. Infants and toddlers enjoy being active!