Many families who have children with dis/abilities describe caregiving for their child as challenging yet extremely rewarding. Others feel as though caring for their child is no different than caring for any other child. Regardless of how families feel about their caregiving responsibilities, it’s important to recognize that they often have additional roles and responsibilities specific to their child’s needs. This can be extremely stressful for primary caregivers; it is important that you understand the impact on families’ stress and well-being. We must also consider the impact on the entire family unit and how roles may be re-defined compared to how we usually think about family members.
You’ve already learned about the importance of asking individual families for feedback on the language they prefer you use todiscuss他们孩子的疾病/能力。为方便起见,您将看到此信息中使用的术语“dis/能力”或“dis/能力”。“残疾”使美国的儿童和成人能够获得某些权利和服务(IDEA,2004;阿达,1990年)。
疾病/能力以不同的方式影响个体。有些人有终身疾病/能力,成年后需要照顾;而其他人的学习和发展方式,使他们能够独立生活,甚至“长大”诊断。Dis/能力可以是可见的或不可见的,影响一个人的所有学习能力,或者只影响一个特定的学习领域。你可能会看到“发育迟缓”一词用来描述儿童的发育差距,这种差距与特定的诊断或状况无关,也与儿童早期(从出生到六岁)的发育无关。例如,语言迟缓在发育迟缓的幼儿中很常见,但其中许多孩子在进入幼儿园时就赶上了同龄人。yabo电子游艺
Learning the News
人们如何了解他们是父母,祖父母,兄弟姐妹或其他家庭成员,对于每个家庭都有不同的家庭。我们将使用“小学护理人员”一词来指的是孩子的护理中最核心的人。主要护理人员通常是儿童的母亲,父亲,祖父母,亲属或寄养父母。
You might see how some primary caregivers come to know that their child is developing differently from other children the same age. They may ask you questions about their child’s behavior or development to learn if the differences they notice are typical. You may even be the one to first share concerns and recommend the family speak with a doctor or specialist. Though rare, there may be times in your work with children where you are devastated and shocked to learn that a child in your care has a serious condition or has been involved in a traumatic incident such as a car accident. Some families discover before their child is born or at birth that there is a risk of or that a child will be born with a condition. While it may seem as though families who have known about their child’s dis/ability for some time have adjusted and are accepting of the situation, it’s important to remember that every individual’s emotional experience is different and is deeply impacted by their culture, relationships, and environment.
对疾病/能力的情绪反应
想想首先要了解你的孩子有什么缺陷/能力。你会如何反应?你会转向谁的支持?虽然罕见,有些家庭不会体验强烈的情绪,并立即拥抱这种情况。其他人将充满一系列情感,并且可能以不常见的方式作出反应。悲伤包括在主要看护人的情绪范围内。悲伤是一种深刻的悲伤感,我们经常将其视为在爱人死亡之后的感受。大多数具有DIS /能力的孩子茁壮成长,但在罕见的情况下,一些孩子,尽管有一个充满讽刺的家庭和基于证据的干预,但却是非常缓慢的,以实现最小的进步。这些家庭可能会悲伤他们认为他们会有的孩子,但随着时间和支持,他们为他们的孩子培养了新的希望和梦想。
以下是有残疾儿童的家庭通常经历的悲伤阶段。这些阶段没有具体的顺序,也不是所有的家庭都经历过这些情绪(虹膜中心,2008)。有些家庭可能会在内心感受到这些情绪,但会试图向其他人掩饰自己的情绪。
否认
Families may not believe the news that their child has a specific condition or learning need. This can be especially true when the news is a surprise. An individual’s culture, acceptance of people with dis/abilities, and knowledge of a specific condition can impact how one copes with the news. Those in denial may try to discredit the doctors or specialists involved in the process. Family members in denial may make statements about how their child, “never acts that way at home” or “that doctor doesn’t know how to be around kids.” This is especially true when the condition is based on a behavioral assessment rather than by an objective test such as bloodwork or genetic workup.
Guilt
有些家庭感到好像他们做错了什么或对他们的孩子的DIS /能力负责;因此,这些家庭可以开始质疑他们过去的决定。家庭可能会觉得专业人士对他们交谈或对他们的决定和育儿批评,这可能会增加任何有罪的有罪感受。虽然专业人士没有故意让家人感受到这种方式,但要意识到自己对家庭和他们的决定的偏见。当您与家庭沟通时,难以隐藏您的感受和意见,但请记住,您的角色是支持他们的决定。
愤怒
Parents and caregivers may feel angry about their child’s dis/ability. Some describe feeling as though it’s not fair to their child or that they have bad luck. They may take their anger out on others. Remember that this anger may help families cope and eventually create plans for how to help their child in the future.
Depression
有证据表明,由于没有DIS /能力的儿童的父母(Zeedyk&Blather,2017),患有发育患者的母亲的母亲患有发育性患者的母亲患者患有抑郁症状的风险增加。虽然父亲普遍存存较少,但有些证据表明,那些有患有DIS /能力的人也会产生增加的抑郁风险。
焦虑
一旦家庭开始更多地了解他们孩子的疾病/能力,忧虑就会随之而来。诸如“我该怎么去上班,带我的孩子去参加所有这些约会?”、“我的孩子会过正常的生活吗?”、“我的孩子会被欺负或取笑吗?”等问题是人们普遍担心的问题
家人都在想。焦虑会使人们难以前进或做出改变。当对那些难以为孩子提供建议的主要照顾者做出假设时,要考虑周到。缺乏行动或看似不感兴趣并不意味着他们对孩子的爱减少或作为照顾者的参与减少。焦虑会使人瘫痪;它可以阻止个人前进或做出调整。
Bargaining
这是神奇思维和不切实际的期望的阶段。小学护理人员可能会认为如果他们努力工作以帮助他们的孩子,他们将获得他们的孩子“治愈”或他们孩子的症状会消失。主要护理人员可以预计计划人员以赋予儿童保育环境的练习范围的方式为其孩子提供,或者鉴于计划的成年与儿童比例是不现实的。
Fear
有很多医疗需求的孩子的父母可能会担心孩子的生命,或者担心其他照顾者不知道如何保护孩子的安全。一些主要照顾者担心没有人会像他们那样爱和照顾他们的孩子。如果残疾儿童的主要照顾者似乎对你照顾他们的孩子持批评态度,要知道恐惧可能是这种行为或信念的根源。
其他角色
主要护理人员经常觉得他们在养育子女育儿时享受额外的角色。考虑这些角色并反思这些责任如何影响小学家的福祉。还要考虑如何与主要看护人合作,帮助缓解额外角色的压力。
倡导者 | 确保儿童代表孩子充分访问权限和服务 |
Case Manager | 协调所有护理、预约、专家、医生和教师,并向各方通报最新情况和重要信息 |
专家 | Has a wide scope of understanding about a specific diagnosis or condition and is available to answer questions and provide assistance to others when issues arise |
训练师 | 负责培训专业人员和看护人员如何正确地为孩子执行建议或任务 |
Financial Planner | 研究和协调长期护理计划,以确保儿童在主要看护人无法再继续作用时保持生活质量 |
Impact on the Family
正如您反思情感经验,以及发少数儿童的情感经验和许多人带来的儿童和能力的角色,思考对整个家庭的影响。
兄弟姐妹,尤其是当他们年轻时,有时会承担起照顾孩子的任务和角色。一些有缺陷/能力的孩子的兄弟姐妹会在这个角色中茁壮成长并感到自豪。其他的兄弟姐妹可能会嫉妒或恼怒有缺陷/能力的兄弟姐妹,特别是当家庭的日程安排和优先事项似乎围绕着照顾另一个孩子。主要照料者可能会觉得,他们太多的时间花在照顾自己的孩子上,而没有能力照顾其他孩子。如果兄弟姐妹年龄相近,他们可能没有一个“玩伴”关系,主要照顾者往往认为,如果他们计划的间隔他们的孩子。
When children have more than one primary caregiver, much thought and energy is used to make decisions about shared responsibilities. This is true for all families that have more than one primary caregiver but can be especially stressful for families with a child with a dis/ability. Whether the individuals co-caregiving are marital partners, mother and daughter, or any other arrangement, they may not have planned for the additional tasks and time needed to care for their child. Some families may have additional caregiving needs and may have a relative or babysitter that is very involved in supporting the family who may not have otherwise been needed if they did not have a child with dis/ability.
由于对疾病/能力的不同文化观点,一些核心家庭选择不与大家庭和朋友分享他们的孩子有疾病/能力。他们可能会感到羞愧或不确定别人会如何反应。有些人可能担心他们生活中的重要人物会不接受他们的孩子。在那些对自己孩子的疾病/能力持开放态度的家庭中,他们分享了多少信息以及分享了什么信息各不相同。对于处于不同悲伤阶段或已逐渐接受的主要照料者来说,听取关于他们孩子的意见和回答问题可能是困难的。例如,一个学会接受女儿患有自闭症的父亲可能有一个弟弟和弟媳,他们不相信“女孩会患自闭症”,他们的哥哥需要让女儿知道“谁是家庭的负责人”。这会在家庭内部造成裂痕,破坏支持系统和关系。
有DIS /能力的儿童的家庭可能会觉得他们不能参加社区活动。一些护理人员在公共场合或觉得需要为孩子道歉或解释或解释他们的孩子时会感到尴尬。看到通常发展和与孩子相似年龄的儿童可能是情绪化的,特别是当那些孩子达到预期的里程碑时,他们的孩子患有DIS /能力被推迟发展。这可以重新触发上面讨论的各种悲伤阶段。
参考资料和资源
The IRIS Center. (2008).与家庭合作。从...获得https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/fam/
Seligman, M. & Benjamin Darling, R. (2007). Effects on the Family as a System.普通家庭,特殊儿童(pp. 181-217). New York, NY: The Guildford Press.
Zeedyk,S.M.&Blacher,J.(2017)。有或没有智力残疾儿童母亲母体抑郁症的纵向相关。American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 122(5),374-391.