知道

您已经了解到，了解孩子如何发展和学习（即，儿童发展）是针对虐待儿童和疏忽的保护因素。为什么你认为这是真的？不了解儿童发展的风险是什么？如果我们不懂儿童发展，我们可能会认为一个孩子应该比他或她年龄大。我们可能会让孩子们在太挑战他们的情况下。我们和孩子可能会受挫。孩子可能不明白我们想要什么，我们可能不明白为什么孩子不会“表现。”

了解儿童发展是一种保护性因素，因为它有助于我们认识到孩子需要额外的帮助。如果我们不了解儿童发展，我们可能会沮丧，而不是认识到脚手架的机会或加强孩子的经历。当我们受挫时，我们不会利用我们的最佳思考。我们不太能够解决问题，使用新实践，创造性地思考，并耐心等待。我们可能不太能够支持最需要帮助的孩子。

Let’s begin by thinking about some common behaviors you might see every day in programs for infants, toddlers, preschoolers and school-agers:

• Solomon is a young infant. He cries for long portions of the day.
• Flora has pulled every toy off the shelf and keeps going back for more. She is always right behind you every time you try to start cleaning up. She doesn’t seem to want to play with the toys. She’s just really interested in touching everything.
• 你告诉Hilary是时候获得尿布改变了。她喊道，“不！”并远离你。
• Zoe is having lunch in a highchair. She says, “All done” and starts throwing peas on the ground. She barely ate anything.
• Carli and Claire only want to play with each other. They tell other children, “You can’t play with us.”
• 克拉克没有午睡。当被要求躺下时，他永远不会睡着了。
• Aylen comes running to you screaming, “He hit me!”
• 现在是时候去小学了，但泰勒还在吃早餐，慢慢地移动。
• Two boys get in a fight over who deserves a foul in their pick-up basketball game.
• 克莱尔让她在她的背包里拿出自己的糖果，即使她已经被问到了几次把它放弃了。

根据你在工作或社区中的所见所闻或经历，这些情景听起来是真的吗？你看到他们发生了吗？你经历过吗？如果你花时间在为儿童和青少年服务的家庭儿童保育项目中，你可能已经看到了部分或全部这些行为。它们是典型儿童发展的反映。随着我们的成长，我们都会经历一些阶段，在某些阶段，某些行为是可以预期的。这并不意味着所有的行为对我们成年人来说都是容易处理的。这确实意味着我们可以准备好将行为视为成长的反映，帮助孩子亚慱彩票APP成长和成熟。你将在认知发展课程中了解更多。

让我们来看看孩子们如何从出生到12年。本表上的信息由疾病控制和预防中心和国家卫生研究所（https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html). You can find this same information in easy-to-use information sheets in the Apply section.

当你阅读里程碑时，你是否注意到任何可能挫败或挑战成年人的行为？这张桌子可以帮助你记住，像咬、说什么话、发脾气、不听话、和大人顶嘴、偶尔撒谎、提出要求等行为都是正常的发展过程。作为成年人，我们必须准备好做出积极和建设性的回应。在接下来的两节课中，你将学到更多关于如何做到这一点的知识。

请记住，这些里程碑告诉我们儿童通常在某些年龄段。它们不是艰难和快速的规则。个人儿童将在何时以及如何到达不同的里程碑时变化很大。如果您对孩子的发展担忧，请与您的家庭育儿管理员交谈。亚慱彩票APP

Understanding Temperament

气质影响我们每个人如何与世界各地的人民互动。如果您反映自己的个性和偏好，那么我们就会明确我们的互动方式。了解我们自己的气质和我们周围的孩子的顽皮会非常有帮助。我们天生有一定的气质特征或风格，气质被认为是跨越寿命的一致。有九个气质特征，你可能会在自己和周围的孩子身边看到，由托马斯，国际象棋和桦树鉴定Temperament and Behavior Disorders in Children（1968）。请阅读下面以查看每个特征的极端的九个特征和特征的例子。请记住，大多数儿童在每个连续体中间的某个地方落下。

活动水平 Jared prefers to sit on the couch and read a book. Sasha总是在移动中。她和每个玩具一起玩，寻找一天中的活动播放物品。

边条rity Felicia has variable schedules. Some days she eats snack, and some days she doesn’t. She chooses different activities every day. 卢卡斯喜欢他的惯例。他每天早上都在完全同时起床，每天早餐吃同样的东西。

分心 Micah从活动转移到活动。很容易将注意力转移到一个新的想法或项目。 Malia在长时间享受项目。她可以花一个下午绘制仔细的照片。

Approach to New Things Abby prefers to watch other children participate in activities before she tries. Clyde是第一个在特殊活动中志愿者的人。

适应性 Blair离她旧学校的朋友。她每天都谈到她的旧计划，并没有加入您的计划中的活动。 Juan在他的第一个图书馆实地旅行期间与您和几个新朋友留下了读大声集团。

反应强度 Jillian rarely shows emotions. She remains relatively calm. 布莱斯的父母喜欢将他的反应拍摄对特殊活动和惊喜：他得到如此兴奋。当他心烦意乱时，最好给他空间。当他兴奋，心烦意乱或惊讶时，他周围的每个人都知道。

响应性的阈值 夏天通常被描述为“在她自己的小世界里”。 如果你给他一个方向或纠正他，加尔文会感到沮丧。他似乎非常敏感。

心情质量 LIV往往担心事情，大部分时间都很严肃。 塔利亚一般都很开心，开朗。

注意力跨度和持久性 Foster is interested in many different things. He tends to dabble: he will start a project, get bored, and move onto a different project. Malik是多日和多周的项目。他一直在一辆模型车工作两周。他想让每个细节都完美。

花一点时间来反思自己的气质。你如何定义你的气质特征？了解气质如何帮助您了解自己的行为和儿童的行为？

Thomas, Chess, and Birch also have identified three temperament types that summarize these traits. The three temperament types are:

• Adaptable：这些是“轻松的孩子”。他们对新情况开放，具有中度活动水平，一般都很开心。
• fe：These children have a high activity level and usually strong responses to new stimuli. They might be considered energetic, assertive, and full of emotion.
• Cautious：这些孩子需要时间和支持，才能在新的环境中感到舒适。他们可能被认为胆小或严肃。

现在需要一分钟思考自己的气质类型。你最多的三个中的哪一个？您是否发现与分享您自己的气质类型的个人（包括儿童）更容易使用？如果您有一个令人生意的气质，您可能会发现与谨慎的孩子互动和连接更难。你可能认为他们慢慢地移动或花费太长而无法调整。您可能不明白为什么他们需要这么多的帮助或空间。如果你有谨慎的气质，你可能会发现自己受到痛苦的能量水平挑战。你可能认为他们总是搬家或大喊大叫。了解自己的气质让您退后并识别这些挑战或紧张局势，作为个人互动风格的一部分。这使您可以采取措施防止您和儿童之间的压力相互作用。

如何在您的工作中使用对气质的理解，以防止儿童虐待和忽视？首先，了解气质有助于您保持冷静，并将令人沮丧的情况视为潜在的人格差异。其次，您可以利用您对孩子的气质的理解来提出对他们工作的问题的解决方案。以下是您可以在您的工作中使用气质的几种方法：

Tips for children with cautious temperaments:

• Provide plenty of space and time for the child to get comfortable. Encourage families to stay as long as possible to help children transition into your program.
• Avoid forcing eye contact or getting in the child’s face. Approach children slowly and give them time to warm up to you.
• 最小化对计划和例程的更改。
• 鼓励孩子带来舒适物品，如喜爱的毯子或泰迪熊。
• Comfort children when they become upset. Spend time sitting together and watching others play.
• Provide reminders when there will be changes in the schedule.
• 为休息、平静的空间或做家庭作业等提供一致的空间。

患有Feisty Lifementes的儿童提示：

• 提供大量的移动机会。让他们帮助翻开故事的篇章。在小睡前给他们额外的时间放松。带他们到户外或公园跑步，利用他们的能量。
• Provide opportunities for exploration. Stay close when introducing new or exciting objects. Help the child learn to explore safely.
• 做not punish intense reactions. Rather comfort the child: give hugs, and help him or her work through emotions.
• 在需要时迈进，帮助孩子通过与其他孩子的困难互动。

虐待和忽视风险的儿童

儿童虐待和忽视的风险有三类儿童：幼儿，具有特殊需要的儿童，以及具有挑战性行为的儿童。为什么你认为这些孩子的风险增加了？一般来说，这些孩子可能难以沟通，控制他们的情绪，遵循方向，或与他人相处。周围的成年人可能很容易沮丧或不知道如何帮助孩子。这可以把孩子放在危险的情况下。我们必须小心地记住这并不意味着孩子会导致虐待和忽视。孩子永远不会责怪。它并不意味着只有这些类别的儿童被滥用或被忽视。相反，我们必须记得为孩子们满足这些特征的家庭提供额外的支持。

Children under the age of 4 are at the greatest risk for child abuse and neglect. Can you think of reasons why this might be the case? When we think about the developmental milestones described above, we might see reasons. These children are least able to communicate their wants and needs to us. They are also not developmentally ready to solve complex social problems, regulate their behavior or emotions, and follow complicated directions. All of this leaves them vulnerable to negative interactions with adults who do not understand development.

当儿童不符合上述预测方式和可预测时期的里程碑时，我们可以体验压力。我们可能不了解孩子的沟通，我们可能不知道如何满足孩子的身体需求，或者我们可能怀疑我们的能力。所有这些都可以让一个人感到无助和困惑。这种压力将儿童带来发展延误或残疾，以更大的虐待儿童虐待或忽视。

具有严重和持续挑战性行为的儿童也具有更大的滥用或忽视的风险。当孩子们展示严重和持续的挑战性行为时，成年人经常觉得个人挑战。感觉像孩子一样“推你的按钮”是不常用的。成年人可能不知道该怎么办，在危机时刻，可能会诉诸不可接受的惩罚措施。

总是试图通过他们的发展年龄和能力的镜头来看待孩子的行为。这不是提供者的工作，以归咎于孩子的父母，因为不需要的行为，而是与家庭合作，因为教育工作者帮助家庭成员，了解他们的孩子的能力。

Special Concerns for Infants and Toddlers: Prolonged Periods of Crying

Crying is a normal part of infancy. All babies cry. Between the first and fourth months of life, many infants become more fussy and crying increases. Some experts refer to this as the period of PURPLE Crying. This does not mean babies turn purple from crying. Rather, PURPLE is an acronym describing the characteristics of this stage. You can visit the PURPLE Crying website to learn more:http://www.purplecrying.info/what-is-the-period-of-purople-cregy.php.

甚至健康婴儿有时几个小时地哭泣g this stage. Sometimes, it can be hard to comfort the infants. They might seem inconsolable. Crying tends to be worse in the evenings, but you might experience prolonged periods of crying with infants in your program. This can be very frustrating, and it might make you doubt your ability to care for the infant. It’s not unusual to begin feeling stress and to need a break. The best thing you can do is to realize that this is a phase in the infant’s development, and it will end. Try offering comfort that may help both you and the crying infant. Can you play some soft, soothing music? If being held helps to calm the infant, can wearing them in some sort of carrier help provide them the comfort they need while also keeping your hands free to attend to other children and activities?

看

现在,让我们想想孩子重击的知识opment looks in a family child care program. Knowledge of child development comes across as realistic expectations for behavior. Having the right expectations for children of various ages ensures that we are providing appropriate interactions and responses based on their age and level. This can sometimes be more complicated in family child care programs, where there the children in your care may vary greatly in age and skill level. Watch this video to learn more about realistic expectations.

了解开发

Read the following statements from family child care providers. On the left, you see unrealistic expectations. On the right you see realistic expectations. Which programs do you think feel like better places for children? Which providers do you think feel less stressed at the end of the day?

不切实际的期望	Realistic Expectations
Marchia criesall时间。她被宠坏了，认为她需要一直被抱着。	当玛西娅难过哭泣时，我知道她想告诉我们一些事情。我想找出问题所在帮她安抚一下。
Decklen never listens! All the kids are supposed to go inside, wash their hands, sit on the carpet, and pick a book. What does he do? He stops and plays with dolls.	当我一步一步地给他指路时，德克伦做得最好。你很难在脑子里记下一长串要做的事情。
These kids need to sit cross-legged for the entire group time. Group time is 45 minutes in kindergarten, so they’ve got to start practicing sitting that long now.	We keep group times short and sweet. It’s a time for us to build community, but we really think of play, one-on-one, and small groups as major learning times.
Caldwell是Bossy。我需要把他放在他的位置。	考德威尔正在学习成为该计yabo电子游艺划的领导者。我需要找到良好的渠道，让他使用这些技能。
朱莉娅和卡西迪谈话和傻笑不间断。这两个需要分开。	Julia and Cassidy’s friendship is really important to them.
Joseph lied to me about washing his hands. He is completely dishonest.	Joseph is testing the boundaries. I need to make sure I’m consistent but fair with him.

做

How can you make sure your expectations of children are appropriate?

• Continue to learn all you can about child development throughout your career. The Virtual Lab School has courses that will help you learn more about cognitive, physical, and social development. You will also learn about how children develop communication skills and a healthy sense of self.
• Gather information about child development to share with families. The handouts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the Apply section are a good place to start, but your trainer, coach, family child care administrator or local resource and referral agency might have other resources you can share.
• 作为提供者，在您的程序中或更广泛的社区中花时间观察儿童。这将有助于您开始了解您在您的护理中每个孩子的典型方式。您还可以访问为年龄较大或更年轻的儿童提供课程。这将有助于您对发展的漫长观。如果您预计在学龄课程中发生的4岁人中的同样的事情，您正在为沮丧而建立自己。
• 记住你沮丧的时候你在这里学到了什么。当小孩说“不”或咬伤时，或者学龄前儿童拒绝挂起外套时，这可能会令人沮丧，但这是成长的一部分。亚慱彩票挑战成年人的许多行为是正常儿童发展的典型部分。如果您对孩子的行为有疑虑，请与您的教练，教练或家庭育儿管理员交谈。亚慱彩票APP他或她可以帮助您了解行为是否是典型的。
• 当你需要时寻求帮助。我们都需要新的想法和支持。当你感到沮丧或不确定为孩子做什么时，请向您的教练，教练或家庭育儿管理员或家庭幼儿保育提供者询问。亚慱彩票APP这是建立自己的社会联系和专业知识的好方法。